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Abstract
Supercapacitors store energy either by ion adsorption or fast surface redox reactions. The capacitance produced by the former is known as electrochemical double layer capacitance and the latter is known as pseudo-capacitance. Carbon materials are found to be attractive materials for energy storage, due to their various micro-structures and wide source of availability. Polybenzoxazine (Pbz) is used as a source to produce carbon materials, due to the fact that the obtained carbon will be rich in N and O species for enhanced performance. Moreover, the carbon materials were produced via template-free method. In general, activation temperature plays a main role in altering the porosity of the carbon materials. The main purpose of this study is to find the suitable activation temperature necessary to produce porous carbons with enhanced performance. Considering these points, Pbz is used as a precursor to produce nitrogen-doped porous carbons (NRPCs) without using any template. Three different activation temperatures, namely 700, 800 and 900 °C, are chosen to prepare activated porous carbons; NRPC-700, NRPC-800 and NRPC-900. Hierarchical micro-/ meso-/macropores were developed in the porous carbons with respect to different activation temperatures. PBz source is used to produce carbons containing heteroatoms and an activation process is used to produce carbons with desirable pore structures. The surface morphology, pore structure and binding of heteroatoms to the carbon surface were analyzed in detail. NRPCs produced in this way can be used as supercapacitors. Further, electrodes were developed using these NRPCs and their electrochemical performance including capacitance, specific capacitance, galvanic charge/discharge, impedance, rate capability are analyzed. The obtained results showed that the activation temperature of 900 °C, is suitable to produce NRPC with a specific capacitance of 245 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1, that are attributed to high surface area, suitable pore structure and presence of heteroatoms.
Highlights
IntroductionSupercapacitors (SCs), known as electrochemical capacitors (ECs), are energy storage devices that store electrical energy by accumulation of charges at the electrode/electrolyte interface [4,5,6]
Owing to environmental pollution concerns and the fossil fuel crisis, there is an increasing demand in the development of energy production and proper storage system [1,2,3].Supercapacitors (SCs), known as electrochemical capacitors (ECs), are energy storage devices that store electrical energy by accumulation of charges at the electrode/electrolyte interface [4,5,6]
The precursor of the polybenzoxazine-based nitrogen-doped carbons was synthesized by a Mannich reaction
Summary
Supercapacitors (SCs), known as electrochemical capacitors (ECs), are energy storage devices that store electrical energy by accumulation of charges at the electrode/electrolyte interface [4,5,6]. Supercapacitors have the capability to provide high specific power (10 kW/kg), long life cycle (>105 cycles), fast charge/discharge process (a few seconds), environmental friendliness and relatively low price [5]. They do possess a lower energy density (5 Wh/kg) than Li-ion batteries (180 Wh/kg). Most promising applications of SCs include portable electronic devices, heavy construction-equipments, solar panels, memory back-up systems, emergency exits and so on [6,7,8]
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