Navigating the Future: Nanotechnological Strategies for Tackling Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a widely prevalent form of liver malignancy, is a leading contributor to cancer-related mortality globally, despite advances in preventive and diagnostic technologies. It is closely associated with cirrhosis, with major contributions from hepatitis B and C infections and alcohol consumption. Early detection of HCC is crucial as it is often diagnosed at an asymptomatic stage. Radiological screenings and serological markers are effective methods of achieving early detection. Various surgical methods, including liver transplantation, and therapies such as radiofrequency lesioning and chemoembolization, are employed to treat this disease. However, due to limited donor availability and late diagnosis, treatment can be delayed. Tumour size, liver disease severity, and patient’s overall health are among the factors that influence the disease. Nanotechnology, a field that involves the precise manipulation of materials at the nanometer scale and the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, presents a promising solution for HCC therapy. The utilization of nanoparticle-based therapies allows for the specific targeting of tumour-associated antigens, which enhances drug delivery and reduces drug-induced toxicity. Furthermore, nanomaterials such as carbon nanoparticles and biochemical sensors aid in the detection of oncological markers. Nanomedicine-based approaches possess the potential to revolutionize HCC therapy by improving drug delivery and targeting liver cancer stem cells. Specifically, targeted ligand-mediated therapy using saccharide or polysaccharide compounds, antibodies, peptides, and aptamers shows promise for liver-specific HCC treatment. Additionally, nanotherapy aimed at liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) provides new possibilities to overcome the limitations of conventional treatments and improve patient outcomes. Ultimately, nanotechnology-based approaches hold great potential in enhancing the effectiveness of HCC therapy and offer new avenues for precision medicine in cancer treatment.