Abstract
Despite the existing and potential characteristics of nature in urban planning process, technological progress and the rate of change in the physical identity of cities have increased natural mutations and taken the relationship between humans and nature out of the normal process. Among the natural mutations, we can mention infectious diseases, which have been nature's reaction against the city and the density of the urban population. Health issues and infectious diseases have long plagued cities, leading to changes in architecture and its rules and regulations. This process has been done less in urban planning regulations and this has increased the vulnerability of citizens in the urban environment against infectious diseases. Accordingly, this study attempted to offer principles centered on the physical nature of the city, while reviewing the history of infectious diseases in the world and considering urban planning theories related to urban health and pollution and the statistics of sample cities in the face of Covid-19 in order to accompany urban physical changes with human, technological, identity and natural changes to help urban management to reduce citizens’ vulnerability against infectious diseases. Data were collected using library and internet resources. Principles are derived from the Delphi method of experts. Some of the proposed principles are balanced building density, observing the minimum ratio of open space to urban residential space and balanced distribution of open space in the city, reducing per capita office use, establishing a crisis center with isolated conditions in each neighborhood, increasing per capita urban equipment and facilities land use, balanced distribution of neighborhood services, moving to multi-center cities, reducing concentration in city centers and using multifunctional urban spaces. Currently, due to natural mutations as well as changes in culture, traditions, and technological mutations, we need flexible rules and regulations to identify cities and align with nature. Therefore, it should be considered that the proposals offered are following the current situation and should be amended and updated over time and as circumstances change.
Highlights
1.1 Introduce the ProblemWith the outbreak of the Industrial Revolution and an increase in human power of conquest and control of nature, the almost harmonious and balanced relationship between people, nature, and the city, which existed for many centuries, changed
Zaheer Allam and David Jones (2020), in their article on the impact of the Coronavirus on Chinese cities, stress that surprisingly, urban planning and design professionals in the discourse related to current strategies are absent after COVID-19, historically the past pandemic has had a profound effect on the urban fabric, society, and the economy
The effect that technological progress has on architecture and urban planning and the identity of the historical context of Bushehr (Note 2) is very different from the effect it has on the new fabric of this city
Summary
With the outbreak of the Industrial Revolution and an increase in human power of conquest and control of nature, the almost harmonious and balanced relationship between people, nature, and the city, which existed for many centuries, changed. According to official statistics from the World Health Organization, more than 40 million people worldwide have been diagnosed with Covid-19 disease, and the epidemic is continuing rapidly. Due to the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus and the possibility of its continued spread in the future (such as the Spanish flu) or the occurrence of similar infectious diseases worldwide that can affect human lives and economy, culture, and normal life of communities, show this issue is considerable. If we do not pay attention to this issue, we will see the spread of the epidemic of infectious diseases in biological complexes It is necessary for urban planners and urban designers to plan and design collective living environments in a way that limits the spread of infectious diseases and increases the adaptation of urban planning criteria to changes in nature. The present study was conducted with the aim of "providing physical principles to reduce the vulnerability of citizens to the spread of infectious diseases, including Coronavirus disease." The main question of this research is: "How should the urban environment be organized against the spread of infectious diseases?"
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