Abstract
To base urbanization on nature, inspiring ecologies are necessary. The concept of nature-based solutions (NBS) could be helpful in achieving this goal. State of the art urban planning starts from the aim to realize a (part of) a city, not to improve natural quality or increase biodiversity. The aim of this article is to introduce a planning approach that puts the ecological landscape first, before embedding urban development. This ambition is explored using three NBS frameworks as the input for a series of design workshops, which conceived a regional plan for the Western Sydney Parklands in Australia. From these frameworks, elements were derived at three abstraction levels as the input for the design process: envisioning a long-term future (scanning the opportunities), evaluating the benefits and disadvantages, and identifying a common direction for the design (determining directions), and implementing concrete spatial cross-cutting solutions (creating inspiring ecologies), ultimately resulting in a regional landscape-based plan. The findings of this research demonstrate that, at every abstraction, a specific outcome is found: a mapped ecological landscape showing the options for urbanization, formulating a food-forest strategy as the commonly found direction for the design, and a regional plan that builds from the landscape ecologies adding layers of productive ecologies and urban synergies. By using NBS-frameworks, the potentials of putting the ecological landscape first in the planning process is illuminated, and urbanization can become resilient and nature-inclusive. Future research should emphasize the balance that should be established between the NBS-frameworks and the design approach, as an overly technocratic and all-encompassing framework prevents the freedom of thought that is needed to come to fruitful design propositions.
Highlights
Global biodiversity is declining at a worrisome rate [1]
The main climate change factors impacting the region were taken as the point of departure for the workshop: current maximum temperatures and a maximum potential flood (MPF) [109] level of nine meters above mean water levels, must be seen as the lower limits of change
Elevation, soil, vegetation, waterways, future flood-risk, and ecological remnants were mapped to understand the nuanced sensitivities of life and the reliability of available water, sunlight, shade, coolness, and other factors that determine the opportunities for the historic Cumberland Plain ecology [91] to re-appear in symbiosis with future human occupation
Summary
Global biodiversity is declining at a worrisome rate [1]. For instance, in the Netherlands, biodiversity has strongly declined during the last century [2]. Alternative planning theories have been analyzed using literature reviews that focus on planning theory, which separates out high and low dynamic land-uses, such as casco-planning [9] and the strategy of the two networks [10,11]. This brought the changeability of urban layers to the fore [12]. Bushfires, water scarcity, and water burden when it rains [43] This context of rapid urbanization, in combination with a vulnerable landscape and climatic changes, makes this area an interesting research subject. The local stakeholders and decision-makers have shown great interest 4inof 30 developing such a large-size urban area in the most resilient and sustainable way, taking its ecosystems as the base for their thinking
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