Abstract
The actinomycetes have proven to be a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites and play a critical role in the development of pharmaceutical researches. With interactions of host organisms and having special ecological status, the actinomycetes associated with marine animals, marine plants, macroalgae, cyanobacteria, and lichens have more potential to produce active metabolites acting as chemical defenses to protect the host from predators as well as microbial infection. This review focuses on 536 secondary metabolites (SMs) from actinomycetes associated with these marine organisms covering the literature to mid-2021, which will highlight the taxonomic diversity of actinomycetes and the structural classes, biological activities of SMs. Among all the actinomycetes listed, members of Streptomyces (68%), Micromonospora (6%), and Nocardiopsis (3%) are dominant producers of secondary metabolites. Additionally, alkaloids (37%), polyketides (33%), and peptides (15%) comprise the largest proportion of natural products with mostly antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the data analysis and clinical information of SMs have been summarized in this article, suggesting that some of these actinomycetes with multiple host organisms deserve more attention to their special ecological status and genetic factors.
Highlights
Actinomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria with a GC-rich linear genome and have proven to be a rich source of secondary metabolites (SMs) of broad structural diversity and biological properties [1]
AAmmoonngg tthhee3434anainmimalaplhpyhlayklanokwnonwonn tohne etahrethe,amrtahr,inme aarniinmeaalsnaimccaolusnatcfcooru3n3tspfoercie3s3, 1sp5eocfiews,h1ic5hoafrwe huincihquaeretounthiqeuoecetoant.heStoucdeiaens.hSatvuedisehsohwanvethsahtoswomn ethsaytmsobmioeticsymmicbrioootircmgaincrisomorsgaarneissmpescaierse-ssppeecciifiecs-[s8p]e, cinifdicic[a8t]i,nigndthicaattminagritnheatanmimarainlsemanayimbaelsricmhaiyn bmeicrricohbiianl mresicoruorbcieasl.rAesnodurthceesa. cAtinvde tshuebsatcatnivceessuinbsmtaanricnees ainnimmaarlisnaeraenmimosatllsyapreromduocsetldy bpyrotdheuicreadssboytchiaetierdasmsoiccrioaoterdgamniiscmroso,rogfawnihsmichs,aocftiwnohmichycaectetisnaorme yacneitmespaorretaannt igmropuoprt[a5n–t7g].roTuhpere[5fo–7re]., actinomycetes associated with marine animals are a flourishing source for novel natural products. (The structure of compounds with ‘S’ added before the number is shown in supporting information.)
Metabolites from actinomycetes associated with marine organisms have proven to be an abundant source for the isolation of multiple potent bioactive metabolites with diverse structures
Summary
Actinomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria with a GC-rich linear genome and have proven to be a rich source of secondary metabolites (SMs) of broad structural diversity and biological properties [1]. Marine actinomycetes are abundant in species and widely inhabit sediments, seawater, and aquatic organisms At present, these actinomycetes are mainly separated from marine invertebrates especially sponges, ascidians, corals as well as brown algae. To assess the diversity and distribution of natural product-producing actinomycetes associated with various marine hosts, we constructed a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Streptomycetaceae, Micromonosporaceae, and Pseudonocardiaceae with low abundance in sponges have more potential for secondary metabolism, which reveals the clinical and pharmaceutical importance of these three families for providing novel lead compounds [9]. Streptomycetaceae, Micromonosporaceae, and Pseudonocardiaceae with low abundance in sponges have more potential for secondary metabolism, which reveals the clinical and pharmaceu3toifc5a7l importance of these three families for providing novel lead compounds [9]. AAmmoonngg tthhee3434anainmimalaplhpyhlayklanokwnonwonn tohne etahrethe,amrtahr,inme aarniinmeaalsnaimccaolusnatcfcooru3n3tspfoercie3s3, 1sp5eocfiews,h1ic5hoafrwe huincihquaeretounthiqeuoecetoant.heStoucdeiaens.hSatvuedisehsohwanvethsahtoswomn ethsaytmsobmioeticsymmicbrioootircmgaincrisomorsgaarneissmpescaierse-ssppeecciifiecs-[s8p]e, cinifdicic[a8t]i,nigndthicaattminagritnheatanmimarainlsemanayimbaelsricmhaiyn bmeicrricohbiianl mresicoruorbcieasl.rAesnodurthceesa. cAtinvde tshuebsatcatnivceessuinbsmtaanricnees ainnimmaarlisnaeraenmimosatllsyapreromduocsetldy bpyrotdheuicreadssboytchiaetierdasmsoiccrioaoterdgamniiscmroso,rogfawnihsmichs,aocftiwnohmichycaectetisnaorme yacneitmespaorretaannt igmropuoprt[a5n–t7g].roTuhpere[5fo–7re]., actinomycetes associated with marine animals are a flourishing source for novel natural products. (The structure of compounds with ‘S’ added before the number is shown in supporting information.)
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