Abstract
The Indus River is Asia’s longest river, having its origin in the Tibet Mountain northwest of Pakistan. Routed from northern Gilgit and flowing to the plains, the river passes through several provinces and is connected by numerous small and large tributaries. The river was formed tectonically due to the collusion of the Indian and Eurasian plates, which is referred to as the Indus suture Plains zone (ISPZ). The geological setting of the study area is mainly composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The river passed through a variety of climatic zones and areas, although the predominant climate is subtropic arid and sub arid to subequatorial. Locally and globally, anthropogenic activities such as building, dams, and water canals for irrigation purposes, mining exploration, and industries and factories all affected the physical and chemical behaviors of the sediments in various rivers. The main effect of human activities is the reworking of weathered soil smectite, a chemical weathering indicator that rises in the offshore record about 5000 years ago. This material indicates increased transport of stronger chemically weathered material, which may result from agriculture-induced erosion of older soil. However, we also see evidence for the incision of large rivers into the floodplain, which is also driving the reworking of this type of material, so the signal may be a combination of the two. Sediments undergo significant changes in form and size due to clashing with one another in the high-charge river.
Highlights
The Indus River is one of the most important rivers in Asia, connecting India and Pakistan (Figure 1) [1,2]
The main origin of this river is from the neighboring country India and it is a connective transboundary river between Pakistan and the Indian border
The Himalayan range is uplifted during the Indian-Asian collision
Summary
The Indus River is one of the most important rivers in Asia, connecting India and Pakistan (Figure 1) [1,2]. The main objective of the present study is to assess the sedimentary environment of the Indus River system and further highlight how anthropogenic activities have affected hydrogeology and sedimentation In this regard, water discharge from the Indus River due to the monsoon system and glacier melting due to rising temperatures are discussed in this regional case study. When the Indian and Eurasian plates met, sedimentation rapidly changed to sandstones, resulting in the formation of new mountain ranges [34,35,36]. During this process, uplifting and erosion occurred. The moderate rate of subsidence and sedimentation of the shelf and slope in the southeast of Karachi contrasts with the coastal line and marine geological setting in the west [33]
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