Natural convective heat transfer of Al2O3-Cu/water hybrid nanofluid in a rectotrapezoidal enclosure under the influence of periodic magnetic field

Abstract

This study seeks to examine quantitatively the two-dimensional unsteady free convective heat transfer enhancement of Al2O3-Cu/H2O hybrid nanofluid within a rectotrapezoidal-shaped structure. The lower wall is both uniformly and non-uniformly heated with different thermal boundary conditions, the top horizontal wall is adiabatic, and the vertical and inclined walls are assumed chilly. The enclosure is penetrated by a periodic magnetic field. A set of variable transformations is used to render the governing equations dimensionless, which makes it possible to identify the model parameters that control it. The finite element method is then used to numerically solve these equations. To verify the code's numerical precision, comparisons with formerly available works are performed and, a high level of agreement is obtained among the results. The generated outcomes are shown for the principal parameters that control the flow in the context of streamlines, heat lines, isotherms, average Nusselt number, friction factor, and thermal efficiency index. The findings demonstrated that the efficiency index, friction factor, and heat transmission are all considerably influenced by the Rayleigh number (Ra). The lowest Ra yields the maximum thermal efficiency. The results also revealed that the hybrid nanoparticle volume fraction and period of the magnetic field amplified the heat transfer rate and efficiency index due to the increased pumping force. It is observed that when the percentage of the mixing ratios for Cu nanoparticles rises from 0% to 100%, the heat transport in Al2O3-Cu/H2O hybrid nanofluid increases for a fixed volume fraction of hybrid nanoparticles. As compared to parabolic and sinusoidal boundary conditions, the uniform temperature boundary setting for Ra = 105 exhibits the highest average rate of heat transport of 10.04. The average Nusselt number increases by 25.12% at Ra = 103 with a 3% volume fraction of hybrid nanofluid as compared to pure water and the mixing ratios of Al2O3:Cu = 0:300 gives the highest increased rate of 16.30%. The results further illustrate that Al2O3-Cu/H2O hybrid nanofluid has the highest heat transfer rate compared to the pure water and Al2O3– H2O nanofluid.