Abstract
The classical Graetz problem with natural convection effect in isothermally cooled or heated horizontal tubes is approached by a numerical method using large Prandtl number assumption. Numerical solutions are obtained for a range of Rayleigh numbers Ra = 0–10 6. The developing secondary flow and temperature fields, bulk temperature, local and average Nusselt numbers are presented to study the natural convection effect. The Nusselt number results are compared against the experimental data and the agreement is found to be satisfactory.
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