Abstract
COVID-19 is still prevalent around the globe. Although some SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been distributed to the population, the shortcomings of vaccines and the continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 mutant virus strains are a cause for concern. Thus, it is vital to continue to improve vaccines and vaccine delivery methods. One option is nasal vaccination, which is more convenient than injections and does not require a syringe. Additionally, stronger mucosal immunity is produced under nasal vaccination. The easy accessibility of the intranasal route is more advantageous than injection in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nanoparticles have been proven to be suitable delivery vehicles and adjuvants, and different NPs have different advantages. The shortcomings of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may be compensated by selecting or modifying different nanoparticles. It travels along the digestive tract to the intestine, where it is presented by GALT, tissue-resident immune cells, and gastrointestinal lymph nodes. Nasal nanovaccines are easy to use, safe, multifunctional, and can be distributed quickly, demonstrating strong prospects as a vaccination method for SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 variants, or SARS-CoV-n.
Highlights
In 2019, a disease, COVID-19, started to break out all over the world
COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection
Remdesivir is an antiviral drug that is effective in reducing the duration of COVID-19 [2,3] and was approved for the treatment of COVID-19 [4]
Summary
In 2019, a disease, COVID-19, started to break out all over the world. To date, it is still spreading and mutating [1]. COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (or 2019nCoV) infection. Petra Bistrovic et al [8] reported transient bradycardia in COVID-19 patients treated with Remdesivir (mainly hepatic/hepatobiliary disorders, renal and urinary disorders and cardiovascular disease [9–12]). Other drugs, such as Hydroxychloroquine, Ribavirin, Favipiravir, Azithromycin, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, etc., have been confirmed to inhibit the infection or replication of the SARS-CoV-2 to a certain extent [13]. These drugs either have strong side effects or their efficacy is unsatisfactory [14–17]. In the absence of appropriate treatment drugs, the development of vaccines has played an essential role in controlling the expansion of the COVID-19 epidemic.
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