Nasal Drug Delivery System and its Applicability in Therapeutics: A Review

Abstract

The scientific community has been interested in nasal drug delivery as an additional method for administering vaccines and biomolecules including proteins peptides and non-peptide medications. This interest arises from the fact that unstable drugs often undergo significant breakdown in the gastrointestinal tract GIT or experience first-pass hepatic metabolism when taken orally. The nasal route on the other hand provides a convenient alternative for delivering these drugs. The nasal route offers a parenteral drug delivery option which is advantageous for long-term therapy. Due to its high vascularization and permeability the nasal mucosa promotes rapid absorption and onset of action. It is non-invasive often utilized for both local and systemic therapy and allows medication to enter the systemic circulation without any intermediate steps. Additionally this approach is employed to circumvent the blood-brain barrier BBB. While absorption promoters can enhance the absorption of large molecules like protein nucleic acid etc. nasal medication delivery provides higher absorption rates for low molecular weight pharmaceuticals. This article provides a comprehensive overview of current developments in intranasal drug delivery covering various aspects including the components involved strategies for enhancing bioavailability analysis of nasal drug formulation and factors influencing nasal absorption.