Abstract
Electrochemical immunosensors are affinity-based biosensors characterized by several useful features such as specificity, miniaturizability, low cost and simplicity, making them very interesting for many applications in several scientific fields. One of the significant issues in the design of electrochemical immunosensors is to increase the system’s sensitivity. Different strategies have been developed, one of the most common is the use of nanostructured materials as electrode materials, nanocarriers, electroactive or electrocatalytic nanotracers because of their abilities in signal amplification and biocompatibility. In this review, we will consider some of the most used nanostructures employed in the development of electrochemical immunosensors (e.g., metallic nanoparticles, graphene, carbon nanotubes) and many other still uncommon nanomaterials. Furthermore, their diagnostic applications in the last decade will be discussed, referring to two relevant issues of present-day: the detection of tumor markers and viruses.
Highlights
Clinical diagnostic is an important area of medicine that includes the detection of disease-related biomarkers, such as metabolites or proteins, in human body fluids [1].Testing for biomarkers is usually performed in centralized laboratories, requiring welltrained staff, expensive instruments and time-consuming processes [1]
An electrochemical immunosensor represents an excellent opportunity to create a device for the detection and quantification of tumor markers by exploiting the technique’s advantages: high sensitivity, reduced testing time and costs compared to classical diagnostic methods
The secondary antibody was labelled with alkaline phosphatase (AP) to detect the signal of 1-naphthol while the capture one was linked on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles
Summary
Clinical diagnostic is an important area of medicine that includes the detection of disease-related biomarkers, such as metabolites or proteins, in human body fluids [1]. To enhance biodevices properties; es-nano-based monitoring the disease onset and progression Another feature of the pecially miniaturization and sensitivity, lowering the detection limits by several orbiosensing devices is their potential wireless link capability, allowing the transmission of ders of magnitude [6,7,8,9,10]. These results can be reached thanks to the high surface/volume data to a global network, materials where they can be utilized, through suitable artificial intelligence ratio of nanostructured by increasing both bioreceptor loading and amplifying (AI) modeling algorithms, for automated monitoring of the epidemiological situation or the electrochemical signal [11]. The epidemiological situation or for preventing disease outbreaks [14]
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