Nanoscale X-ray Imaging of Composition and Ferroelastic Domains in Heterostructured Perovskite Nanowires: Implications for Optoelectronic Devices.

Abstract

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have garnered significant interest as promising candidates for nanoscale optoelectronic applications due to their excellent optical properties. Axially heterostructured CsPbBr3-CsPb(Br(1-x)Clx)3 nanowires can be produced by localized anion exchange of pregrown CsPbBr3 nanowires. However, characterizing such heterostructures with sufficient strain and real space resolution is challenging. Here, we use nanofocused scanning X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) with a 60 nm beam to investigate a heterostructured MHP nanowire as well as a reference CsPbBr3 nanowire. The nano-XRD approach gives spatially resolved maps of composition, lattice spacing, and lattice tilt. Both the reference and exchanged nanowire show signs of diverse types of ferroelastic domains, as revealed by the tilt maps. The chlorinated segment shows an average Cl composition of x = 66 and x = 70% as measured by XRD and XRF, respectively. The XRD measurements give a much more consistent result than the XRF ones. These findings are consistent with photoluminescence measurements, showing x = 73%. The nominally unexchanged segment also has a small concentration of Cl, as observed with all three methods, which we attribute to diffusion after processing. These results highlight the need to prevent such unwanted processes in order to fabricate optoelectronic devices based on MHP heterostructures.