Nanoscale Electrical Potential and Roughness of a Calcium Phosphate Surface Promotes the Osteogenic Phenotype of Stromal Cells.

Igor Khlusov,Vladimir Pichugin,Larisa Litvinova,Yuri Dekhtyar,Viktorija Vendinya,Valeria Shupletsova,Elena Legostaeva,Kristina Yurova,Nataliya Polyaka,Fedor Tyulkin,Konstantin Prosolov,Yurii Sharkeev,Marina Khlusova,Olga Khaziakhmatova

doi:10.3390/ma11060978

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osteoblasts respond to the surface electrical charge and topography of biomaterials. This work focuses on the connection between the roughness of calcium phosphate (CP) surfaces and their electrical potential (EP) at the micro- and nanoscales and the possible role of these parameters in jointly affecting human MSC osteogenic differentiation and maturation in vitro. A microarc CP coating was deposited on titanium substrates and characterized at the micro- and nanoscale. Human adult adipose-derived MSCs (hAMSCs) or prenatal stromal cells from the human lung (HLPSCs) were cultured on the CP surface to estimate MSC behavior. The roughness, nonuniform charge polarity, and EP of CP microarc coatings on a titanium substrate were shown to affect the osteogenic differentiation and maturation of hAMSCs and HLPSCs in vitro. The surface EP induced by the negative charge increased with increasing surface roughness at the microscale. The surface relief at the nanoscale had an impact on the sign of the EP. Negative electrical charges were mainly located within the micro- and nanosockets of the coating surface, whereas positive charges were detected predominantly at the nanorelief peaks. HLPSCs located in the sockets of the CP surface expressed the osteoblastic markers osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase. The CP multilevel topography induced charge polarity and an EP and overall promoted the osteoblast phenotype of HLPSCs. The negative sign of the EP and its magnitude at the micro- and nanosockets might be sensitive factors that can trigger osteoblastic differentiation and maturation of human stromal cells.

Highlights

The biological hierarchy from the nanoscale to the macrodimensional via microsized cells and mesosized tissues clearly indicates that a nano-to-meso-to-macro multilevel approach should be employed for the engineering of biomaterials
The findings showed that the cells met the morphological criteria of multipotent Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (MMSCs) as described in [52]
The adipose-derived MSCs (AMSCs) in direct contact with microarc calcium phosphate (CP) coatings in osteogenic supplement-free Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM)/F12 showed in vitro differentiation into osteoblasts (Figure 2a)

Summary

Introduction

The biological hierarchy from the nanoscale (molecules) to the macrodimensional (organs and organisms) via microsized cells and mesosized tissues clearly indicates that a nano-to-meso-to-macro multilevel approach should be employed for the engineering of biomaterials. Nanoscale engineering is a platform for the “bottom-to-top” approach to the design of biomaterials because organisms communicate with biomaterials at the biomolecule–biomaterial interface. Modern biomaterial biocompatibility research focuses on stem cell (SC)–biomaterial interactions (that occur at the nano- and microscales) because SCs are the fundamental units that produce/. To control SCs, biomaterials mimic the bioimplant surface (BS), with both its morphology and physical/chemical properties being engineered. Cells adhered to the BS are involved in tissue regeneration when the implant serves as a scaffold. The influence of surface morphology/roughness on cell attachment has been studied intensively

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Discussion

Conclusion