Abstract
Exsolution method is a bottom-up process for growing uniformly distributed nanoparticles embedded on the oxide surface, exhibiting excellent activity and stability in energy conversions. Despite suggestions of diverse techniques for controlling and optimizing nanoparticle exsolution, research for quantitative control remains insufficient. Herein, we investigate the distribution of endogenous nanoparticles in the bulk of the fully reduced oxide, providing evidence of ion diffusion limitation rather than surface reduction limitation. Thus, we suggest a diffusion limitation model to understand the growth behavior of exsolved nanoparticles on the oxide support. Based on the experimental results, a theoretical model is developed using Fick’s laws and confirmed in designed perovskite oxides in which their Ni doping levels are controlled within the range of solubility. Their exsolution tendencies in the gas reduction, depending on doping level, reduction temperature, and time, are matched with the theoretical model. According to experimental and theoretical results, highly Ni-doped perovskite oxides are employed to improve exsolution and achieve high performance in energy conversions, including solid oxide cells and reforming. This framework between experimental and theoretical approaches provides insight for understanding and controlling nanoparticle exsolution on perovskite oxides.
Published Version
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