Nanometer-sized Aerosol Particles in the Atmosphere: Measurement, Analysis, and Impact

Abstract

New particle formation (NPF) from gaseous precursor vapors is frequently observed in the ambient environment and contributes to a major source of global cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The survival and CCN activation of newly formed particles are highly dependent on particle growth below 10 nm. Characterizing and understanding nanoparticle early growth will therefore help to quantify the impact of NPF on cloud reflectivity and global energy budget. In this work, I first present a recently developed instrument, the Caltech nano-Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometer (nSEMS), which consists of a charge conditioner, a novel differential mobility analyzer (DMA), and a two-stage condensation particle counter (CPC). This new design, coupled with a data inversion method that combines empirical calibration and COMSOL simulation, can help to measure nanoparticle size distributions from 1.5 nm to 25 nm more accurately. This instrument was employed in the experiments conducted in the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) to better understand NPF, particle growth and survival. Multiple experimental parameters were varied to study the influence of different highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) and inorganic trace gases, such as ammonia and nitrogen oxides on particle early growth. Experiment results have suggested a novel mechanism that may help to explain nanoparticle formation and growth in highly polluted urban environments or in the cold free troposphere. In as little as a few minutes, freshly nucleated particles as small as 2 nanometers in diameter can grow very rapidly due to simultaneous condensation of nitric acid and ammonia. This can help them to survive through the so-called valley of death where they would otherwise be lost to larger particles, and instead allow them to grow to sizes where they are less vulnerable to loss and can continue on to sizes where they influence local air quality or climate. Further, the laboratory results of nanoparticle growth were incorporated into the Global Model of Aerosol Processes (GLOMAP) model to study the impact of this extremely rapid growth on the global CCN budget. Having realized the importance of conducting well-controlled chamber experiments and of using chamber experimental data, we established an online data infrastructure, the Index of Chamber Atmospheric Research in the United States (ICARUS), for storing, sharing, and using chamber data. A combined effort of the described works contributes to better measuring the size distribution of nanoparticles and to understanding their impact on global climate.