Abstract
Nanomaterials are endowed with unique features and essential properties suitable for employing in the field of nanomedicine. The nanomaterials can be classified as 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D based on their dimensions. The nanomaterials can be malleable and ductile and they can be drawn into wires and sheets. Examples of nanomaterials are quantum dots (0D), nanorods, nanowires (1D), nanosheets (2D), and nanocubes (3D). These nanomaterials can be synthesized using top-down and bottom-up approaches. The achievements of 0D and 1D nanomaterials are used to detect trace heavy metal (e.g., Pb2+) and have higher sensitivity with the order of five as compared to conventional sensors. The achievements of 2D and 3D nanomaterials are used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents with multifunctional ability in imaging systems such as PET, SPECT, etc. These imaging modalities can be used to track the drug in living tissues. This review comprises the state-of-the-art of the different dimensions of the nanomaterials employed in theranostics. The nanomaterials with different dimensions have unique physicochemical properties that can be utilized for therapy and diagnosis. The multifunctional ability of the nanomaterials can have a distinct advantage that is used in the field of theranostics. Different dimensions of the nanomaterials would have more scope in the field of nanomedicine.
Highlights
Accepted: 23 November 2021Theranostics is a term that evolved from the fusion of two words, therapeutics and diagnostics, which involves the usage of radioactive drugs to diagnose and to deliver therapy for treating any disease
The bulk metallic powder is placed in the closed container under the purging of the nitrogen gas atmosphere that is subjected to high-energy ball milling
In theranostics, the organic and inorganic materials are employed by lacking the multifunctional ability to treat the diseases
Summary
Theranostics is a term that evolved from the fusion of two words, therapeutics and diagnostics, which involves the usage of radioactive drugs to diagnose and to deliver therapy for treating any disease. Theranostics is essentially involved in the treatment of any disease on the molecular level for identification, diagnosis, and treatment [4] In this context, nanotechnology is an emerging field of research in biomedical applications. The nanoparticles are very small and are 10−9 meters in size It has unique physical and chemical properties when compared to bulk materials [5]. Zero dimensional nanomaterials are synthesized and some examples are quantum dots and carbon nanoparticles (c-dot) [14]. A single nanomaterial would enable multifunctional applications in a leading-edge area of biomedical sciences [16]. This is to emphasize that atoms localized in the molecules would have 3D orientations. Macromolecules such as DNA and proteins are present in the nanometer regimes with three dimensions
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