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Abstract
Immunotherapy holds great promise in overcoming the limitations of conventional regimens for cancer therapeutics. There is growing interest among researchers and clinicians to develop novel immune-strategies for cancer diagnosis and treatment with better specificity and lesser adversity. Immunomodulation-based cancer therapies are rapidly emerging as an alternative approach that employs the host’s own defense mechanisms to recognize and selectively eliminate cancerous cells. Recent advances in nanotechnology have pioneered a revolution in the field of cancer therapy. Several nanomaterials (NMs) have been utilized to surmount the challenges of conventional anti-cancer treatments like cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. NMs offer a plethora of exceptional features such as a large surface area to volume ratio, effective loading, and controlled release of active drugs, tunable dimensions, and high stability. Moreover, they also possess the inherent property of interacting with living cells and altering the immune responses. However, the interaction between NMs and the immune system can give rise to unanticipated adverse reactions such as inflammation, necrosis, and hypersensitivity. Therefore, to ensure a successful and safe clinical application of immunomodulatory nanomaterials, it is imperative to acquire in-depth knowledge and a clear understanding of the complex nature of the interactions between NMs and the immune system. This review is aimed at providing an overview of the recent developments, achievements, and challenges in the application of immunomodulatory nanomaterials (iNMs) for cancer therapeutics with a focus on elucidating the mechanisms involved in the interplay between NMs and the host’s immune system.
Highlights
The emergence of cancer and its advancement are manifestations of the inadequacy of the host’s immune system to recognize and execute an effective response to the tumor antigens
The targeted therapeutic effect in minimal concentrations while causing minimum/no side-effects is the major reason for the success of this approach
Due to the heterogeneous cellular composition of tumors, individual cancer therapies, especially the ones based on conventional approaches like surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have shown limited success
Summary
The emergence of cancer and its advancement are manifestations of the inadequacy of the host’s immune system to recognize and execute an effective response to the tumor antigens. Recent advances in the field of nanomaterial fabrication and their functionalization has led to the emergence of a new class of multifunctional nanotherapeutic materials that have the potential to revolutionize the field of cancer therapy (Roy Chowdhury et al, 2016) These nanotherapeutic agents exploit several unique properties of NMs such as their ability to target cancer cells, localize at the tumor site, stay in circulation for a longer time period by avoiding clearance, encapsulate and codeliver multiple active agents, the stimuli-responsive release of cargo, et cetera (Baetke et al, 2015; Chen et al, 2017). Advances in iNMs and their application in cancer therapy are discussed with a focus on elucidating their mode of action to achieve a better understanding of the nanomaterial-immune system interactions
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