Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural nanoparticles secreted by cells in the body and released into the extracellular environment. They are associated with various physiological or pathological processes, and considered as carriers in intercellular information transmission, so that EVs can be used as an important marker of liquid biopsy for disease diagnosis and prognosis. EVs are widely present in various body fluids, among which, urine is easy to obtain in large amount through non-invasive methods and has a small dynamic range of proteins, so it is a good object for studying EVs. However, most of the current isolation and detection of EVs still use traditional methods, which are of low purity, time consuming, and poor efficiency; therefore, more efficient and highly selective techniques are urgently needed. Recently, inspired by the nanoscale of EVs, platforms based on nanomaterials have been innovatively explored for isolation and detection of EVs from body fluids. These newly developed nanotechnologies, with higher selectivity and sensitivity, greatly improve the precision of isolation target EVs from urine. This review focuses on the nanomaterials used in isolation and detection of urinary EVs, discusses the advantages and disadvantages between traditional methods and nanomaterials-based platforms, and presents urinary EV-derived biomarkers for prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis. We aim to provide a reference for researchers who want to carry out studies about nanomaterial-based platforms to identify urinary EVs, and we hope to summarize the biomarkers in downstream analysis of urinary EVs for auxiliary diagnosis of PCa disease in detail.
Highlights
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural nanoparticles with phospholipid bilayer structures that are secreted by cells into the extracellular environment
This review focuses on summarizing the nanomaterials for isolation and detection of EVs from urine samples, the whole contents include introducing the attention points of collection, pretreatment, and storage urine samples, presenting platforms based on nanomaterials for isolation and detection of urinary EVs in detail, and listing the potential EV-derived prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers
In order to meet the in-depth exploration of urinary EVs, nanomaterials have been introduced into the isolation and detection techniques to improve efficiency, which provides an important technical premise for the scientific research and clinical application of urinary EVs
Summary
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural nanoparticles with phospholipid bilayer structures that are secreted by cells into the extracellular environment. Urinary EVs Isolation and Detection of these body fluids, EVs show significant abnormalities under the condition of disease. Urine has been increasingly utilized in the development of biomarkers associated with cancers, because it is readily available in large quantities by non-invasive means and its protein content is much lower than that of blood, which is more conducive to the detection of low-abundance proteins [16]. Urinary EVs have been widely researched as biomarkers, and their mobility characteristics make them possible to be explored as therapeutic agents and drug carriers [19,20,21,22]. In order to promote the application of urinary EVs in the fields of disease diagnosis and treatment, obtaining high-yield, high-purity, biologically active, and structurally complete EVs is an important basis for subsequent analysis
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