Abstract
With the development of nanomaterials and sensor technology, nanomaterials-based electrochemical immunosensors have been widely employed in various fields. Nanomaterials for electrode modification are emerging one after another in order to improve the performance of electrochemical immunosensors. When compared with traditional detection methods, electrochemical immunosensors have the advantages of simplicity, real-time analysis, high sensitivity, miniaturization, rapid detection time, and low cost. Here, we summarize recent developments in electrochemical immunosensors based on nanomaterials, including carbon nanomaterials, metal nanomaterials, and quantum dots. Additionally, we discuss research challenges and future prospects for this field of study.
Highlights
Nanotechnology has gradually become an independent and comprehensive research field since the late 1980s, including microscopy, microelectronics, bioanalytical technology, nanomechanics, and electronics [1,2]
When microelectronic devices are further miniaturized, the quantum effects must be considered, because it establishes the limit of size [9]; (3) quantum size effect: the electron energy level of the nanoparticles near the Fermi surface will change from the quasi-continuous energy level to the discrete energy level, or the energy gap becomes wider after the size of the nanoparticle is as small as a certain value, which results in the thermal, electrical, optical, acoustic, magnetic, and superconducting properties of the particles are significantly different from conventional materials [10]
The signal amplification is the core of the preparation electrochemical biosensor, which was realized by nanomaterials modification on the surface of electrode
Summary
Nanotechnology has gradually become an independent and comprehensive research field since the late 1980s, including microscopy, microelectronics, bioanalytical technology, nanomechanics, and electronics [1,2]. The main preparation methods of nanomaterials include physical methods, comprehensive methods, and chemical methods. The electrochemical immunosensor based on antigen-antibody immunoreactivity is the largest class of electrochemical methods being used for protein analysis in biological research and clinical testing. The signal amplification is the core of the preparation electrochemical biosensor, which was realized by nanomaterials modification on the surface of electrode. The label-free electrochemical immunoassay determines the concentration of the analyte by directly measuring the antigen-antibody specific recognition of the change in the electrochemical signal that is generated after binding. The electrochemical impedance signal can effectively reflect various physical and chemical processes that occur on the surface of the electrode, and it is often applied for the detection of proteins. Modification of electrode of electrochemical immunosensor: carbon nanomaterials, metal. Rbuetswlinegenetthael. l[a4y8e]rrsep[4o7r]t.eFd. aRnuselliencgtreotcahle.m[4i8c]arlespaonrdtwedicahniemlemcturoncohseemnsiocralthsaant dwwasicbhaismedmounnosisnegnlseowr tahlal tcawrabsobnansaendootnubsien(gSlWe wNaTl)l fcoarrebsotsnwniathnoattutabcehe(SdWcaNpTtu) rfeoarnestitbsowdiieths (aAtbta1c)haendd cmaputlutirweaallnctaibrboodniens a(nAobtu1)beasn-Hd RmPullatbiwelaeldl sceacrobnodn annatnibootudbyetso-HdRetPectlaILb-e6le. dThseepcorenpdareadntiimbomduynotosendseotreccot uIlLd-6ac. cuTrhaetelpyrmepeaarseudreitmhemsuencroesteendsIoLr-6cforuomld aacwcuidraetrealyngmeeoafsuHrNe tShCeCseccerlelst,edwhILic-6h firsoimn aagwreiedme erannt gweitohf sHtaNnSdCaCrdceenllzs,ywmheilcihnkisediniamgmreuemnoesnotrwbeintht astsasnaydsar(dELeISnAzy).mKerislihnnkaend etimalm. [u4n9o] sdoersbiegnntedasasavyoslta(mELmISeAtri)c. iKmrmisuhnnaonsenestorafl.or[t4h9e] ddiaesgingonseids oaf tvyopltea1mamndetrtyicpiem2mduianboesteicnsdoisrofrodretrhsetdhiaatgwnoerseisboafsteydpoen manudlttiy-wpeal2leddiacbaerbtiocndnisaonrodteurbs eth-payt rweneerebubtaysreidc aocnidmfuraltmi-wewaollrekdscoanrbeodngenapnlaontuebpey-rpoylryetnicegbruatpyhriicteaecildecftrraomdeesw(PorGkEs/oMnWedNgTe/Ppyla)naettpacyhreodlyatinctig-rinapsuhliitne aenletcibtrooddyesfo(PrGthEe/MfiWrstNtTim/Pey)(Faitgtaucrheed3)a. ntPi-oilnys(ualcirnyalinctiabcoidd)y-ffuonrctthioenfairlsizt etidmme a(Fgingeutriete3)n.aPnoolpy(aarctircylleisc (aMciNd)P-f,u1n0c0tniomnahliyzdedromdyanganmetiictedniaamnoeptearr)tiwclaess (aMppNliPe,d10to0 lnambehl yAdbr2o.dTyhneameleicctdrioacmheemteric)awl assiganpaplloiefdthteo ilmabmeluAnbo2se. nTshoer ewleacstrdoecchreemasiecdalwshigennailtowf athsetaikmemn uinntohseenesleocrtrwoalystedescorleuatisoend. when it was taken in the electrolyte solution
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