Abstract
Nanotechnology could offer a new complementary strategy for the treatment of vascular diseases including coronary, carotid, or peripheral arterial disease due to narrowing or blockage of the artery caused by atherosclerosis. These arterial diseases manifest correspondingly as angina and myocardial infarction, stroke, and intermittent claudication of leg muscles during exercise. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves biological events at the cellular and molecular level, thus targeting these using nanomaterials precisely and effectively could result in a better outcome. Nanotechnology can mitigate the pathological events by enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of the therapeutic agent by delivering it at the point of a lesion in a controlled and efficacious manner. Further, combining therapeutics with imaging will enhance the theranostic ability in atherosclerosis. Additionally, nanoparticles can provide a range of delivery systems for genes, proteins, cells, and drugs, which individually or in combination can address various problems within the arteries. Imaging studies combined with nanoparticles helps in evaluating the disease progression as well as the response to the treatment because imaging and diagnostic agents can be delivered precisely to the targeted destinations via nanocarriers. This review focuses on the use of nanotechnology in theranostics of coronary artery and peripheral arterial disease.
Highlights
Nanotechnology comprises the study and design of minute materials and machines.The term “Nano” originated from the Greek word meaning dwarf [1]
This review focuses on the role of nanotechnology in the treatment of vascular diseases including coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial disease
These therapies consist of cell therapy using bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), induced pluripotent stem cell, G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (M-PBMNCs), janus magnetic cellular spheroid (JMCS), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and using proangiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and hepatocyte growth factors (HGF) [18,19,20]
Summary
Nanotechnology comprises the study and design of minute materials and machines. The term “Nano” originated from the Greek word meaning dwarf [1]. The tunable shape, size, and surface chemistry of the nanoparticles makes them a powerful tool for drug delivery and defined distribution with selectively targeting the lesion or the mediators involved in the pathogenesis. This increases the efficacy of the drug and decreases the side effects and off-target effects. The use of nanotechnology in treating cardiovascular disorders has been expanded, for example, the use of nano-formulations of fenofibrate to overcome challenges with drug solubility and absorption in treating hypertriglyceridemia [3]. This review focuses on the role of nanotechnology in the treatment of vascular diseases including coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial disease
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