Abstract
Highly open, porous polymer or poly(high internal phase emulsion) (polyHIPE) obtained from polymerized high internal phase emulsions (HIPE) have recently attracted much attention and increasing interest in tissue engineering applications because of their excellent properties. This research is aimed at preparing and developing a process for producing polyHIPE for use as a scaffold in tissue engineering applications. Poly(styrene/ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (poly(S/EGDMA)) loaded with hydroxyapatite was used to prepare the polyHIPE. Further improvement on hydrophilicity and biological response to tissue fluids of the polyHIPE porous polymer was carried out using a nanolayer coating via the layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) technique. Three types of chemicals were used for coating on the surface of the polyHIPE porous polymer such as poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS), gelatin (GEL), and alginic acid (ALG). The change in surface properties of the modified poly(S/EGDMA)HIPE was characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy and contact angle measurement. Further assessments consisted of cytotoxicity testing, cell attachment, and proliferation of L929, fibroblast-like cells that were seeded on the surface of the polyHIPE porous polymer. A three-dimensional structure poly(S/EGDMA)HIPE porous polymer with high porosity was successfully prepared. Moreover, it was found that surface modification encouraged poly(S/EGDMA)HIPE with a hydrophilic nanolayer, as observed by the decrease in contact angle degree and cell adhesion of L929 fibroblast-like cells, indicating that the poly(S/EGDMA)HIPE porous polymer was effectively improved by using the layer-by-layer technique. It was revealed by MTT assay that the poly(S/EGDMA)HIPE porous polymer coated with a nanolayer of a polyelectrolyte multilayer led to an enhancement in the amount of cell adhesion and proliferation on the modified poly(S/EGDMA)HIPE porous polymer. Additionally, the most effective polyelectrolyte solution for improving cell adhesion of the poly(S/EGDMA)HIPE was PSS.
Highlights
In recent years, tissue engineering has gained more attention for use as a treatment for patients who are suffering from the failure of vital tissues and organs
For the poly(S/ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA))high internal phase emulsions (HIPE) modified with the GEL polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) nanolayer, the results indicated that the living cells was about 77% when compared with controls, which was relatively close to the standard value (70%)
Poly(S/EGDMA)HIPE loaded with hydroxyapatite porous polymers were fabricated via the high internal phase emulsion polymerization technique
Summary
Tissue engineering has gained more attention for use as a treatment for patients who are suffering from the failure of vital tissues and organs. Many researchers are trying to find more appropriate biomaterials and techniques to make better materials for use in tissue engineering. A variety of materials have been utilized to date as a scaffold in tissue engineering applications in order to create artificial constructs and facilitate cell attachment and proliferation. Several polymers such as Journal of Nanomaterials polyester [3], chitosan [4, 5], hyaluronic [6], alginate [7, 8], and gelatin [9, 10] have been employed as scaffold materials or coating materials on a 2D substrate. Several processing techniques have been developed to obtain suitable scaffold materials, these are electrospinning, solvent casting, and particulate leaching, freeze-drying, high internal phase emulsion (HIPE technique), and the phase separation technique [11,12,13]
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