Abstract
Melanoma, as a tumor cell derived from melanocyte transformation, has the characteristics of malignant proliferation, high metastasis, rapid recurrence, and a low survival rate. Traditional therapy has many shortcomings, including drug side effects and poor patient compliance, and so on. Therefore, the development of an effective treatment is necessary. Currently, nanotechnologies are a promising oncology treatment strategy because of their ability to effectively deliver drugs and other bioactive molecules to targeted tissues with low toxicity, thereby improving the clinical efficacy of cancer therapy. In this review, the application of nanotechnology in the treatment of melanoma is reviewed and discussed. First, the pathogenesis and molecular targets of melanoma are elucidated, and the current clinical treatment strategies and deficiencies of melanoma are then introduced. Following this, we discuss the main features of developing efficient nanosystems and introduce the latest reports in the literature on nanoparticles for the treatment of melanoma. Subsequently, we review and discuss the application of nanoparticles in chemotherapeutic agents, immunotherapy, mRNA vaccines, and photothermal therapy, as well as the potential of nanotechnology in the early diagnosis of melanoma.
Highlights
Cutaneous melanoma is a type of skin cancer whose incidence is increasing significantly worldwide [1,2,3]
Melanoma is diagnosed in the last stages and metastatic forms, and it is known that individual cells can switch from a proliferative state to an invasive state [13,14,15]
A variety of antitumor drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), including DOX, ipilimumab, dabrafenib, trametinib, vemurafenib, and PTX, which have been shown to be effective against melanoma
Summary
Cutaneous melanoma is a type of skin cancer whose incidence is increasing significantly worldwide [1,2,3]. Howby inducing DNA damage and strand breaks, interfering with DNA repair and microtubule ever, in most advanced melanomas, surgical treatment still fails to achieve the expected function (especially taxanes) Despite decades of orubicin (DOX) sensitive [47], vemurafenib [48], and paclitaxel (PTX) [49],regulation but these drugs specificity for tumor sites, and melanoma cellstherapies, often develop drugbeen resistance to these trials of vaccines, cytokines, and cell it has shown to be meaningful in a drugs These drugs seem to have no obvious therapeutic effect and even small proportion of patients with metastatic disease. Latest therapies for primary melanoma and metastases include the nanocarrier-based target delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs, antibodies, and mRNA; nanocarrier-induced immune regulation to activate anticancer immune responses; and nanocarrier-activated photothermal and radiotherapy for in-situ/metastatic melanoma, NPs: nanoparticles; MTM: core-shell MnO2 @TiO2
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