Abstract
Fungal infections, from mild itching to fatal infections, lead to chronic diseases and death. Antifungal agents have incorporated chemical compounds and natural products/phytoconstituents in the management of fungal diseases. In contrast to antibacterial research, novel antifungal drugs have progressed more swiftly because of their mild existence and negligible resistance of infections to antifungal bioactivities. Nanotechnology-based carriers have gained much attention due to their magnificent abilities. Nanoarchitectures have served as excellent carriers/drug delivery systems (DDS) for delivering antifungal drugs with improved antifungal activities, bioavailability, targeted action, and reduced cytotoxicity. This review outlines the different fungal diseases and their treatment strategies involving various nanocarrier-based techniques such as liposomes, transfersomes, ethosomes, transethosomes, niosomes, spanlastics, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, polymer nanocomposites, metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, and nanoemulsions, among other nanotechnological approaches.
Highlights
Fungal disease is one of the invasive, serious, and systemic topical infections commonly seen in humans’ mucous membrane, tissues, and skin
Steinberg developed a topical formulation of a hydrophobic fungicide terbinafine (TF)-loaded in Transfersome® vesicles (TFVs), which have significant in vitro antifungal capacity compared to the plain TF
The results showed that the calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) powders unveiled the antimicrobial properties against all fungi presented in the study [59]
Summary
Fungal disease is one of the invasive, serious, and systemic topical infections commonly seen in humans’ mucous membrane, tissues, and skin. Candidiasis is one of the most common fungal infections caused by Candida species [1]. Different vesicular preparations have been discovered to treat various topical fungal infections [5]. Invasive fungal infections are major causes of death, in patients with AIDS, myelodysplasia, leukaemia, aplastic anaemia, immunocompromised organ transplant recipients, neonates, and geriatrics [6]. The mortality rate due to invasive fungal infections is approximately 1.5 million [7]. Warm and wet conditions are favorable for the growth of fungi [11] These microorganisms (tinea and candida) thrive on the skin, especially between the fingers, under the armpits, and between the thighs [12]. This review summarizes the different fungal diseases, state-of-the-art currently available treatment strategies, and advances in developing nanocarriers for the management of fungal diseases
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