Abstract
Demineralized dentin matrix (DDM), derived from human teeth, is an excellent scaffold material with exciting bioactive properties to enhance bone and dental tissue engineering efficacy. In this article, first the nano-structure and bioactive components of the dentin matrix were reviewed. Then the preparation methods of DDM and the resulting properties were discussed. Next, the efficacy of DDM as a bone substitute with in vitro and in vivo properties were analyzed. In addition, the applications of DDM in tooth regeneration with promising results were described, and the drawbacks and future research needs were also discussed. With the extraction of growth factors from DDM and the nano-structural properties of DDM, previous studies also broadened the use of DDM as a bioactive carrier for growth factor delivery. In addition, due to its excellent physical and biological properties, DDM was also investigated for incorporation into other biomaterials design and fabrication, yielding great enhancements in hard tissue regeneration efficacy.
Highlights
Over two million bone graft operations are performed worldwide every year, and this number is increasing dramatically due to an aging population [1]
This review focuses on demineralized dentin matrix (DDM), originating from extracted human teeth
Dentin matrix was demineralized by 0.34 N HNO3 for 30 mins, and the HNO3 -Demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) was grafted into critical-sized defect in the iliac crest of sheep
Summary
Over two million bone graft operations are performed worldwide every year, and this number is increasing dramatically due to an aging population [1]. The demineralization process opens the dentin tubules and frees up the growth factors, which can Growth factors are present in DDM, while they are trapped and hidden in UDM. The demineralization process opens the dentin tubules and frees up the growth factors, which can factor β (TGF-β1), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), vascular endothelial growth factor stimulate tissue repair and regeneration. Previous studies demonstrated transforming growth factor β (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and insulin(TGF-β1), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in DDM [32,33,34,35,36]. The mineral in the intertubular matrix is embedded in collagen-rich matrix (Figure 1A, white (Figure 1A, white arrow), which is termed intertubular dentin (ITD) [37].
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