Abstract
Nano-sized particles of functional polymers i.e. nano-ion-exchangers (NIEX), are unusual objects
 which simultaneously behave as the hyper-charged ions and the solid ion exchangers. Due to similar charges, they form very stable colloidal systems. This paper is devoted to theoretical and practical study of the proper- ties of nano-exchangers, methods for their preparation, the technique of experiments being practically un- known, and the opportunities for their application.
 The results of dynamic experiments are given for sorption of nano-exchangers and the ions of back- ground solutions on the beds of macro-particles of usual cationic and anionic resins. It is shown how to ob- tain the NIEX hydrosols with the desired ionic composition, and the concept of the standard state hydrosol is defined. The possibility for solid-phase exchange of counter ions between contacting particles of the same polarity is demonstrated.
 The possibilities and advantages of using nano-ion-exchangers in chemical analysis are demonstrat- ed by different examples: preparation of separating phases for ion chromatography, application as modifier in capillary electrophoresis and using in photo-luminescence. The prospects of nano-ion-exchangers for drug delivery are also shown.
Highlights
Ion exchange (IEX) processes are widely used in the world for water treatment, in hydrometallurgy, food industry, biotechnology and other fields
Ion-exchanging microspheres of dimensions of the order of 10 μm are used in columns for ion chromatography, the particles of submicron sizes are used as the modifiers for the stationary phases
This work is devoted to the research in the field of obtaining, studying and applying a new class of chemical substances – nano-scale ion exchangers (NIEX), which are prospective in chemical analysis and in medicine for drug delivery
Summary
Ion exchange (IEX) processes are widely used in the world for water treatment, in hydrometallurgy, food industry, biotechnology and other fields. The properties of particles of ion-exchange resins of the under-hundred nanometers range have not been studied to the present day This was due to the laboriousness of synthesizing functionalized nano-polymers, the complexity of working with them and the lack of tasks for their application. NIEXs were obtained in the form of stable colloids - hydrosols in experiments that included several rather long stages: a) grinding commercial granulated ion exchanger in a ball mill for more than 100 hours; b) suspending the dust product in the pure water and sedimentation in the columns for several days to produce clarified suspension; c) continuous centrifugation of this suspension for several hours with the insulation of transparent colloidal solution, usually, red coloured. At the interface of the phases, a spatial separation of the fixed charges located on the surface of the particle takes place, and counter-ions are located at some (dynamically) average distance in the direction toward the solution (Fig. 3)
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