Abstract
Nowadays, the valorization of organic wastes using various carbon-capturing technologies is a prime research area. The anaerobic digestion (AD) technology is gaining much consideration in this regard that simultaneously deals with waste valorization and bioenergy production sustainably. Biochar, a well-recognized carbonaceous pyrogenic material and possessing a broad range of inherent physical and chemical properties, has diverse applications in the fields of agriculture, health-care, sensing, catalysis, carbon capture, the environment and energy. The nano-biochar-amended anaerobic digestion approach has intensively been explored for the past few years. However, an inclusive study of multi-functional roles of biochar and the mechanism involved for enhancing the biogas production via the AD process still need to be evaluated. The present review inspects the significant role of biochar addition and the kinetics involved, further focusing on the limitations, perspectives, and challenges of the technology. Additionally, the techno-economic analysis and life-cycle assessment of biochar-aided AD process for the closed-loop integration of biochar and AD and possible improvement practices are discussed.
Highlights
The human population has crossed 7.2 billion and is expected to reach between 9.6–12.3 billion by 2100 [1]
The concentration of ammonium (NH4 + ) and NH3 are sustained under an optimized threshold for an anaerobic digestion (AD) process; it helps in buffer capacity for improved growth of bacteria, whereas the excess amount of total NH3 /free NH3 -N (TAN/free ammonium nitrogen (FAN)) can cause AD catastrophe [71]
The properties of nano-biochar are primarily dependent on the organic feedstock used and its processing
Summary
The human population has crossed 7.2 billion and is expected to reach between 9.6–12.3 billion by 2100 [1] This tremendous population growth is further accompanied by enormous industrial development and unprecedented consumption of energy, enhancing the stress on natural resources at a startling level [2,3]. The AD process has ability to use organic biomass and wastes for the production of biogas (containing ~60% methane) and high quality of bio-fertilizers [22,23] This conversion is purely dependent on to the synergistic metabolic activities of the prevailing microbial consortia within the digester and has to be further maintained under steady state conditions for the best performance. The various colors of the nodes represent the different clusters whereas the size of each bubble depicts its frequency of occurrence
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