Abstract
Red rice has become increasingly popular as a viable dietary choice due to its nutritional value. The germination process has been found to enhance the nutritional content of grains, particularly anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins, and the presence of salt stress can further intensify this effect. In this study, the changes in bioactive phenolic compounds during the germination of red rice under salt stress were evaluated via chemical methods and UPLC-QToF/MS. The PLS-DA was used to analyze the upstream synthesis substrates of pigments in red rice treated with different NaCl concentrations. The results showed that NaCl stress inhibited red rice germination compared to the untreated group but that the total polyphenol content of red rice increased significantly after NaCl stress. Three anthocyanins and two proanthocyanidins were identified, and proanthocyanidins were the main components in pigment compounds. All these pigments tended to increase under 60 mmol/L NaCl treatment. Furthermore, upstream pigment substrates such as L-phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, and leucocyanidin were also increased under NaCl stress. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, leucoanthocyanidin reductase, and anthocyanin reductase related to these upstream metabolic substrates were up-regulated after NaCl stress. This study showed that NaCl stress effectively stimulated the accumulation of red rice pigments and their upstream substrates.
Published Version
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