Abstract
Daily monitoring of blood glucose levels is vital for managing diabetes; however, invasive blood sampling is a burden on patients. To improve patients’ quality of life, bioimpedance-based noninvasive blood glucose monitoring (BI-NIBGM) that involves wearable electrodes on the wrist has been proposed. In this study, we investigated the validity of applying a simple NaCl solution to a blood phantom for in vitro evaluation of BI-NIBGM. The electrical properties of cow blood and various blood phantoms with different NaCl concentrations were measured based on the parallel-plate method at frequencies from 200 kHz to 100 MHz. The following observations were made: (1) the conductivity of blood can be mimicked accurately with simple NaCl solutions, and the optimal concentration of the phantom depends on the operating frequency and (2) it is challenging to mimic the relative permittivity of blood with simple NaCl solutions because NaCl lacks a cellular structure. Furthermore, the relationship between the bioimpedance and electrical properties of the phantom was examined using a simplified arm model. The results indicate that the relative permittivity of the blood layer has little effect on the bioimpedance and that only the conductivity determines the bioimpedance. Therefore, the NaCl concentration of the phantom can be adjusted from the viewpoint of conductivity for BI-NIBGM.
Highlights
Diabetes can cause serious complications, including blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, strokes, and lower-limb amputation
The phantom with an appropriate NaCl concentration achieved a bioimpedance error within 1% of the target value. This indicates that a blood phantom composed of a simple NaCl solution can be applied for BI-noninvasive blood glucose monitoring (NIBGM) evaluation
We investigated the validity of applying a simple NaCl solution to blood for in vitro evaluation of BI-NIBGM
Summary
Diabetes can cause serious complications, including blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, strokes, and lower-limb amputation. Invasive blood sampling is uncomfortable, leaves patients vulnerable to infection, and can be relatively high in cost To address these drawbacks and to improve patients’ quality of life, noninvasive blood glucose monitoring (NIBGM) has been proposed.. A subject experiment is unsuitable for initial examination of BI-NIBGM from the viewpoint of reproducibility because subjects’ physical condition, body movement, and skin moisture condition affect the bioimpedance characteristics. To solve these problems, electromagnetic phantoms mimicking the electrical properties of biological tissues have been developed for in vitro experiments of electromagnetic wave exposure and human body communication as well as NIBGM.. The electrical properties of cow blood and various blood phantoms with different NaCl concentrations were measured based on the parallel-plate method at frequencies from 200 kHz to 100 MHz
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