Abstract
Diabetes is a growing chronic disease that affect millions of people in the world. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels in patients is necessary to keep the disease under control. Current methods of blood glucose monitoring devices are typically invasive, causing discomfort to the patients. Non-invasive glucose monitoring devices are a possible game changer for diabetic patients as it reduces discomfort and provides continuous monitoring. This manuscript presents a review of non-invasive glucose biosensors with particular focus on leading technologies available in the market, such as microwave sensing, near-infrared spectroscopy, iontophoresis, and optical methods. This paper intends to describe non-invasive blood glucose monitoring methods using various biological fluids (sweat, saliva, interstitial fluid, urine), highlighting the advantages and drawbacks in latest device development. This review also discusses future trends of glucose detection devices and how it will improve patients’ quality of life.
Highlights
Diabetes Mellitus is a major health concern in the society today both locally and worldwide [1].According to National Diabetes Institute Malaysia, 3.6 million Malaysians suffer from diabetes in 2019
Pre-diabetes is a health condition where patients have a higher level of blood glucose than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes
This paper presents an overview of non-invasive glucose sensors for diabetes monitoring
Summary
Diabetes Mellitus is a major health concern in the society today both locally and worldwide [1]. When the patient is stable, identical glucose levels can be observed from fingertip and other sites such as forearm etc.There are other accessible body fluids suitable for the tests such as interstitial fluid, sweat, ocular fluid, urine or saliva for the continuous monitoring of non-invasive methods. Due to its proximity to the skin, minimally invasive microneedles can be used to collect interstitial fluids for sensing purposes These tiny electrodes can be attached on the skin using an adhesive layer for up to 14 days, allowing continuous monitoring of sugar levels in the body. Urine is another type of body fluid that can be used for diabetes diagnostics and is accessible and is non-invasive.
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