Abstract
Aqueous salt batteries with high concentrations of salt or water in salt aqueous systems have received considerable attention with focus on improving working voltage range and energy density. Here, the effect of NaClO4 salt concentration on the electrochemical performance and stability of tunnel-type Na0.44MnO2 (NMO) cathodes and organic polyimide (PI) derivative anodes was studied. High capacity retention and 100% coulombic efficiency were shown for NMO/PI full cell in saturated NaClO4 electrolyte. A high, stable capacity of 115 mAh/g was achieved for the PI anode material, and the full cell showed a stable capacity of 41 mAh/g at 2C rate for 430 cycles (calculated for the weight of NMO cathode). Even at a fast 5C rate, a discharge capacity of 33 mAh/g was maintained for 2,400 prolonged cycles with nearly 100% efficiency. The full cell device can achieve an average voltage of 1 V with energy density of 24 Wh/kg. This study highlights concentrated sodium perchlorate as a promising electrolyte solution for stabilization of electrodes and enhancement of electrochemical performance in aqueous media.
Highlights
Electrochemical devices for large energy storage are in high demand and the technologies based on batteries as well as capacitors are explored
highresolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) images of polymeric web (PW) (Figure 1C,D) and CVs with different NaClO4 electrolyte concentrations and Ag/Ag2SO4 as Pseudo reference (RE) show that the PW substrates are highly stable in the potential range of to −1.1 V and 1.2 vs. Ag/Ag2SO4 at the negative and positive edges, respectively
One would think that Na2SO4, NaNO3 NaCl, or CH3COONa are preferable than NaClO4 due to their lower cost (Lee et al, 2019)
Summary
Electrochemical devices for large energy storage are in high demand and the technologies based on batteries as well as capacitors are explored. In organic and ionic liquid-based electrolyte solution, capacitors allow operation of devices even at high voltage around 3 V with increased energy density (Brandt et al, 2013; Brandt and Balducci, 2014; Yu and Chen, 2019). Lead acid batteries are used in commercial devices with good energy density of 40 Wh/kg; the failure of lead acid battery related with low discharge efficiency, usage of toxic lead, highly corrosive nature of acidic electrolyte which leads to search for alternative technologies (Yolshina et al, 2015; Yang et al, 2017b; Sadeghi and Javaran, 2019). Devices based on aqueous electrolytes have proved to be safer in spite of low energy production compared to nonaqueous systems
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