宋代书院与欧洲中世纪大学教学方式及评价比较

Abstract

Seowon in the Song Dynasty of China had implemented mainly around the Script of Confucianism for the education level and it valued for cultivating ethical descipline and humanities spirits for students. For the education method, Seowon had undertaken various types of lecturing, self-discipline, discussion and so forth, and it encouraged students to think independently and assert their creativeness. In addition, Seowon checked the learning outcome of students for ordinary testing for creative writing of poetry and literature and interpretation of scripts. Although such an evaluation method is relatively isolated, it would rather measure the level of finding out and depth of understanding on the Script of Confucianism for students in effective ways. The education and test evaluation style of universities of medieval Europe has certain different characteristics. The education of universities was comprised with the contents of specialized knowledge, such as, theology, law, medicine and so forth, and for the methodology, it placed even more value on developing the logic, inference and theoretical capability. For the test evaluation, in addition to the conventional written test, comprehensive talent, skill and practical application capability were assessed of students through the types of verbal test, pleading and so on. Besides, the test of medieval Europe has close relations to the ‘degree’. Such a diversified evaluation method was effective in entirely evaluating the learning outcome and potential of students. The education method and evaluation type are main composition elements of the education process that, with respect to the education affairs, the development and changes have profound influence. The education and evaluation types of Seowon in the Song Dynasty and university of medieval Europe have certain limitations, but the series of education idea system and method among them have generality and value rather, and with respect to the contemporary education, it displays important points of implication to make references. 在宋代书院中, 教学以儒家经典为主, 注重培养学⽣的道德修养和人文精神. 教 学方法上, 书院采用讲授、自学、讨论等多种形式, ⿎励学⽣独⽴思考和创新. 考核 方面, 书院通常通过诗文创作、经典解读等方式来检验学⽣的学习成果. 虽然这种 评价方式相对单一, 但它却能有效地评估学⽣对儒家经典的掌握程度和理解深度. 欧 洲中世纪⼤学的教学及考核评价形式则呈现出不同的特点. ⼤学的教学内容以神学、 法学和医学等专业知识为主, 教学方法上更加注重逻辑推理和思辨能⼒的培养. 考核 评价方面, 除了传统的笔试外, 还引⼊了⼝试、辩论等形式, 以检验学⽣的综合素质 和实际应用能⼒. 此外, 中世纪⼤学的考核还与学位紧密相关. 这种多样化的评价方 式有助于全面评估学⽣的学习成果和潜⼒. 教学方法和评价形式是教学过程中的重 要组成部分, 它们的发展和变革对教学工作有着深远的影响. 宋代书院和欧洲中世纪 ⼤学的教学及评价形式虽然有其局限性, 但其中的一些教学思想、制度和方法却具 有普适性和价值, 对现代教育仍然具有重要的启⽰和借鉴意义.