Myoglobin Concentration and Oxygen Stores in Different Functional Muscle Groups from Three Small Cetacean Species.

Marina Arregui,D Ann Pabst,Miguel A Rivero,Misty Niemeyer,William A Mclellan,Michael J Moore,Nakita Câmara,Pedro Saavedra,Eva Sierra,Andreas Fahlman,Emily M Singleton,Yara Bernaldo De Quirós

doi:10.3390/ani11020451

Abstract

Simple SummaryMarine mammals display several physiological adaptations to their marine environment. Higher myoglobin concentrations in their muscles compared to terrestrial mammals allow them to increase their onboard oxygen stores, enhancing the time available to dive. Most previous studies have calculated cetaceans’ onboard oxygen stores by assuming the myoglobin concentration of a single muscle to be representative of all the muscles in the body. In this study, we analyzed this assumption by comparing it to a more precise method that weighs all body muscles and measures myoglobin concentration in different functional groups.Compared with terrestrial mammals, marine mammals possess increased muscle myoglobin concentrations (Mb concentration, g Mb · 100g−1 muscle), enhancing their onboard oxygen (O2) stores and their aerobic dive limit. Although myoglobin is not homogeneously distributed, cetacean muscle O2 stores have been often determined by measuring Mb concentration from a single muscle sample (longissimus dorsi) and multiplying that value by the animal’s locomotor muscle or total muscle mass. This study serves to determine the accuracy of previous cetacean muscle O2 stores calculations. For that, body muscles from three delphinid species: Delphinus delphis, Stenella coeruleoalba, and Stenella frontalis, were dissected and weighed. Mb concentration was calculated from six muscles/muscle groups (epaxial, hypaxial and rectus abdominis; mastohumeralis; sternohyoideus; and dorsal scalenus), each representative of different functional groups (locomotion powering swimming, pectoral fin movement, feeding and respiration, respectively). Results demonstrated that the Mb concentration was heterogeneously distributed, being significantly higher in locomotor muscles. Locomotor muscles were the major contributors to total muscle O2 stores (mean 92.8%) due to their high Mb concentration and large muscle masses. Compared to this method, previous studies assuming homogenous Mb concentration distribution likely underestimated total muscle O2 stores by 10% when only considering locomotor muscles and overestimated them by 13% when total muscle mass was considered.

Highlights

Marine mammals store oxygen (O2) within the respiratory system, blood and muscle, e.g., [1,2]
The amount of muscle O2 has traditionally been calculated by measuring the Mb concentration (g Mb · 100g−1 muscle) at a single location within a primary locomotor muscle and assuming a homogeneous distribution of Mb across all the body’s muscles
The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of the heterogeneity of skeletal muscle Mb concentration on calculations of locomotor muscle, and total muscle, oxygen stores in three species of similar size, closely related pelagic delphinids [25,26]: Delphinus delphis, Stenella coeruleoalba, and Stenella frontalis

Summary

Introduction

Marine mammals store oxygen (O2) within the respiratory system, blood and muscle, e.g., [1,2]. Myoglobin concentration (Mb concentration) is higher in marine mammal muscle than those of sized terrestrial mammals [2,12]. The amount of muscle O2 has traditionally been calculated by measuring the Mb concentration (g Mb · 100g−1 muscle) at a single location within a primary locomotor muscle and assuming a homogeneous distribution of Mb across all the body’s muscles. Several studies have shown significant differences in Mb concentration between muscles [18,19,20,21] and even within a single muscle [22,23,24] in marine mammals

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