Abstract
BackgroundThe beneficial effects of ω−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) vary between different sources. However, there is a paucity of comparative studies regarding the effects and mechanisms of marine and plant ω−3 PUFA on obesity.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fish oil (FO) and perilla oil (PO) on glucolipid metabolism, inflammation, and adipokine in mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet in association with the contribution of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) pathway.MethodsC57BL/6J mice and MyD88−/− mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal chow diet, HF diet, HF diet accompanied by daily gavage with either FO or PO. After 4 weeks, blood biochemistries, adipocyte histology, mRNA, and protein expression of MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways of TLR4 signaling in epididymal adipose tissue were measured.ResultsIn C57BL/6J mice, there were no statistical differences between FO and PO in decreasing body weight, glucose, insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, interleukin-6, and increasing adipocyte counts. FO and PO decreased mRNA and protein expression of TLR4, MyD88, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase beta and nuclear factor-kappa B p65. In MyD88−/− mice, the beneficial effects of FO and PO on HF diet-induced metabolism abnormalities and inflammation were abolished. FO and PO had no impacts on mRNA and protein expression of receptor-interacting protein-1, interferon regulate factor 3, and nuclear factor-kappa B p65.ConclusionFO and PO exhibit similar protective effects on metabolic disorders and inflammation through inhibiting TLR4 signaling in a manner dependent on MyD88. These findings highlight plant ω−3 PUFA as an attractive alternative source of marine ω−3 PUFA and reveal a mechanistic insight for preventive benefits of ω−3 PUFA in obesity and related metabolic diseases.
Highlights
Obesity is one of the major public health issues in the world
fish oil (FO) and perilla oil (PO) exhibit similar protective effects on metabolic disorders and inflammation through inhibiting tolllike receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in a manner dependent on myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)
Body weight, glucose, insulin, TG, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and leptin were significantly increased in HF than those in normal chow (NC) (Fig. 1A–F)
Summary
Obesity is one of the major public health issues in the world. It causes excess fat in adipose tissue, leading to metabolic disorders, which are mainly characterized by dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. ω−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been verified to benefit vascular health. Obesity is one of the major public health issues in the world It causes excess fat in adipose tissue, leading to metabolic disorders, which are mainly characterized by dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Ω−3 PUFA can be classified into marine and plant types. The former are mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) enriched in fish oil (FO), krill oil, and fish. Intake of marine, but not plant, ω−3 PUFA was associated with low cardiovascular mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes[3]. The beneficial effects of ω−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) vary between different sources. There is a paucity of comparative studies regarding the effects and mechanisms of marine and plant ω−3 PUFA on obesity
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