Mutational widening of constrictions in a formate–nitrite/H+ transporter enables aquaporin-like water permeability and proton conductance

Abstract

The unrelated protein families of the microbial formate–nitrite transporters (FNTs) and aquaporins (AQP) likely adapted the same protein fold through convergent evolution. FNTs facilitate weak acid anion/H+ cotransport, whereas AQP water channels strictly exclude charged substrates including protons. The FNT channel–like transduction pathway bears two lipophilic constriction sites that sandwich a highly conserved histidine residue. Because of lacking experiments, the function of these constrictions is unclear, and the protonation status of the central histidine during substrate transport remains a matter of debate. Here, we introduced constriction-widening mutations into the prototypical FNT from Escherichia coli, FocA, and assayed formate/H+ transport properties, water/solute permeability, and proton conductance. We found that enlargement of these constrictions concomitantly decreased formate/formic acid transport. In contrast to wildtype FocA, the mutants were unable to make use of a transmembrane proton gradient as a driving force. A construct in which both constrictions were eliminated exhibited water permeability, similar to AQPs, although accompanied by a proton conductance. Our data indicate that the lipophilic constrictions mainly act as barriers to isolate the central histidine from the aqueous bulk preventing protonation via proton wires. These results are supportive of an FNT transport model in which the central histidine is uncharged, and weak acid substrate anion protonation occurs in the vestibule regions of the transporter before passing the constrictions.