Mutation of Serines 104, 106, and 118 Inhibits Dimerization of the Human Estrogen Receptor in Yeast

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Ligand‐dependent dimerization and phosphorylation participate in regulating transcriptional activation of the estrogen receptor‐α (ER). We investigated the role of serines 104, 106, and 118 located in the activation function‐1 (AF‐1) domain of ER in ligand‐induced receptor dimerization. These serines, previously documented as important sites for transactivation, were mutated to alanine, and yeast genetic systems were used to determine their effect on receptor dimerization and transcriptional activity. The serine to alanine mutants resulted in 50–80% decreased dimerization in response to 17β‐estradiol, while having modest effects on ER‐mediated transactivation. We further demonstrated that ER expressed in yeast became hyperphosphorylated in the presence of estradiol, most likely at a site(s) different than the serines under investigation. Ligand‐induced phosphorylation was inhibited by U0126 indicating that the ER was phosphorylated via the MAPK pathway. Taken together, these data indicate that serines 104, 106, and 118 are important for ligand‐dependent ER dimerization, and that MAP kinase mediated phosphorylation may be important for ER function, in yeast model systems.