Abstract
Spatiotemporal features of anthocyanin accumulation in a model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) K.Larsen were elucidated to develop criteria for the genetic analysis of flavonoid biosynthesis. Artificial mutants and wild accessions, with lower anthocyanin accumulation in the stem than the standard wild type (B-129 ‘Gifu’), were obtained by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis and from a collection of wild-grown variants, respectively. The loci responsible for the green stem of the mutants were named as VIRIDICAULIS (VIC). Genetic and chemical analysis identified two loci, namely, VIC1 and VIC2, required for the production of both anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), and two loci, namely, VIC3 and VIC4, required for the steps specific to anthocyanin biosynthesis. A mutation in VIC5 significantly reduced the anthocyanin accumulation. These mutants will serve as a useful system for examining the effects of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins on the interactions with herbivorous pests, pathogenic microorganisms and nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria, Mesorhizobium loti.
Highlights
Higher plants produce diverse flavonoid metabolites involved in a number of plant functions (Dixon and Steele 1999; Winkel-Shirley 2001), such as pigmentation, pollen fertility, auxin transport (Jacobs and Rubery 1988; Peer and Murphy 2007), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (Morimoto et al.Toshio Aoki and Shoichiro Akao: deceased.1998; Yamasaki et al 1997) and protection against harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation (Chappell and Hahlbrock 1984; Li et al 1993; Stapleton and Walbot 1994)
Co-chromatography using authentic samples revealed that cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside were the abundant anthocyanins in B-129 ‘Gifu’
To establish the criteria for the evaluation of mutants, we investigated anthocyanin accumulation in the stem of the standard accession B-129 ‘Gifu’
Summary
Higher plants produce diverse flavonoid metabolites involved in a number of plant functions (Dixon and Steele 1999; Winkel-Shirley 2001), such as pigmentation, pollen fertility (van der Meer et al 1992; Ylstra et al 1994), auxin transport (Jacobs and Rubery 1988; Peer and Murphy 2007), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (Morimoto et al.Toshio Aoki and Shoichiro Akao: deceased.1998; Yamasaki et al 1997) and protection against harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation (Chappell and Hahlbrock 1984; Li et al 1993; Stapleton and Walbot 1994). Higher plants produce diverse flavonoid metabolites involved in a number of plant functions (Dixon and Steele 1999; Winkel-Shirley 2001), such as pigmentation, pollen fertility (van der Meer et al 1992; Ylstra et al 1994), auxin transport (Jacobs and Rubery 1988; Peer and Murphy 2007), hydrogen peroxide scavenging The biosynthesis of anthocyanins has been extensively studied, and the biosynthetic enzymes and genes involved have been characterized (Hrazdina 1982; Mulder-Krieger and Verpoorte 1994). Anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana, maize kernels, morning glory and petunia and snapdragon flowers represents a good system for genetic studies, and several structural and regulatory genes in this pathway
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