Abstract
Mushrooms are popular due to the nutrition contents in the fruit bodies and are relatively easy to cultivate. Mushrooms from the white-rot fungi group can be cultivated on agricultural biomass such as sawdust, paddy straw, wheat straw, oil palm frond, oil palm empty fruit bunches, oil palm bark, corn silage, corn cobs, banana leaves, coconut husk, pineapple peel, pineapple leaves, cotton stalk, sugarcane bagasse and various other agricultural biomass. Mushrooms are exceptional decomposers that play important roles in the food web to balance the ecosystems. They can uptake various minerals, including essential and non-essential minerals provided by the substrates. However, the agricultural biomass used for mushroom cultivation is sometimes polluted by heavy metals because of the increased anthropogenic activities occurring in line with urbanisation. Due to their role in mycoremediation, the mushrooms also absorb pollutants from the substrates into their fruit bodies. This article reviews the sources of agricultural biomass for mushroom cultivation that could track how the environmental heavy metals are accumulated and translocated into mushroom fruit bodies. This review also discusses the possible health risks from prolonged uptakes of heavy metal-contaminated mushrooms to highlight the importance of early contaminants’ detection for food security.
Highlights
Accepted: 27 December 2021Mushrooms are believed to have first emerged more than a million years ago
Zn and Cr was demonstrated to be higher in plant shoots that were treated with pig slurslurries animal manures contain concentrations of heavy metals as As, ries [89].[89]
The risk of exposure towards heavy metals from the consumption of mushrooms can be determined by estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient, carcinogenic risk and the hazard index [52], which can be calculated according to the following equation [141]: mg
Summary
Mushrooms are believed to have first emerged more than a million years ago. The oldest fossil of a gilled mushroom (Gondwanagaricites magnificus) confirmed its presence in Gondwana approximately 14 to 21 million years ago, which was during the Early. People claimed that mushrooms were rare and supernatural species that could cure illnesses in ancient times. They thought that the mushrooms consisted of healing qualities that could benefit humans. Despite that more than 200 species of mushrooms have been used for functional foods worldwide for a long time, only about 35 species have been commercially cultivated [8,9]. The growth substrate is one of the factors that can highly affect the quality of edible mushrooms [10]. This review discusses and summarises the accumulation of heavy metals by mushrooms cultivated on various substrates. The alternative substrates that have a permissible heavy metal content in the substrates for a better quality of edible mushrooms were identified
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