Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect of steam explosion of oil palm frond (OPF) and oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) on nutrient composition and ruminal fermentation characteristics in vitro. The results showed that steam explosion decreased NDF (P < 0.01), ADF (P < 0.01), and hemicellulose content (P < 0.01) in OPF and EFB. Steam explosion improved the effective energy value of OPF and EFB. In vitro fermentation results revealed that 72-h gas production capacity of OPF and EFB increased by 12.60and 85.06% (P < 0.01), respectively, after steam explosion. Steam explosion had a tendency to improve the concentration of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) (P = 0.082). In conclusion, steam explosion of OPF and EFB reduced NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose content and increased gas production and TVFA concentration.
Highlights
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), which is native to Western Africa, grows in tropical regions and is considered to be the most important agricultural crop in China and Southeast Asia
As palm oil production increases, oil palm by-products such as empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm kernel shell (PKS), oil palm trunk (OPT), and oil palm frond (OPF) grow exponentially
There were no significant differences in Crude protein (CP) between control and treatment and no significant interaction effects among palm by-products types (P > 0.05)
Summary
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), which is native to Western Africa, grows in tropical regions and is considered to be the most important agricultural crop in China and Southeast Asia. As palm oil production increases, oil palm by-products such as empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm kernel shell (PKS), oil palm trunk (OPT), and oil palm frond (OPF) grow exponentially. By-products of oil palm are incinerated or used as organic fertilizer, thereby leading to increased environmental pollution and costs (Abnisa et al 2013). It is important to find applications for oil palm by-products to improve their economic value. Steam explosion is commonly used in the biomass resources because most of the hemicellulose can be extracted from the exploded materials (Martin-Sampedro et al 2012).
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