Abstract
Simple SummaryDiet optimization and global warming are two important challenges concerning fish farming. In the current study, both diets containing different vegetable oils (palm or rapeseed) and a situation of elevated water temperature (28 versus 21 °C) are evaluated in gilthead sea bream. The temperature increase caused a transcriptional modulation of development-related genes, while the palm and rapeseed oils-based diet appeared to be the most beneficial one, overall promoting an optimum endocrine environment for balanced musculoskeletal growth. Thus, data reveal the importance of considering diet formulation in a future climate change context to ensure sustainable production and welfare of aquatic animals.The upward trend of seawater temperature has encouraged improving the knowledge of its consequences on fish, considering also the development of diets including vegetable ingredients as an approach to achieve a more sustainable aquaculture. This study aims to determine the effects on musculoskeletal growth of: (1) a high-water temperature of 28 °C (versus 21 °C) in gilthead sea bream juveniles (Sparus aurata) fed with a diet rich in palm oil and, (2) feeding the fish reared at 28 °C with two other diets containing rapeseed oil or an equilibrated combination of both vegetable oils. Somatic parameters and mRNA levels of growth hormone-insulin-like growth factors (GH-IGFs) axis-, osteogenic-, myogenic-, lipid metabolism- and oxidative stress-related genes in vertebra bone and/or white muscle are analyzed. Overall, the data indicate that high-water rearing temperature in this species leads to different adjustments through modulating the gene expression of members of the GH-IGFs axis (down-regulating igf-1, its receptors, and binding proteins) and also, to bone turnover (reducing the resorption-activity genes cathepsin K (ctsk) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (mmp9)) to achieve harmonic musculoskeletal growth. Moreover, the combination of palm and rapeseed oils seems to be the most beneficial at high-water rearing temperature for both balanced somatic growth and muscular fatty acid uptake and oxidation.
Highlights
Aquaculture has been challenged to meet the increasing demand of global fish consumption, due to the growing human population
In fish fed with P diet, the temperature of 28 ◦C caused a significant increase in final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), somatic growth rate (SGR), and body length (BL) with respect to those reared at 21 ◦C
In the same animals, a temperature of 28 ◦C resulted in a general decrease of the gene expression of members of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factors (GH-IGFs) axis identified as growth promoting indicators in white muscle and/or bone, suggesting the existence of negative feedback mechanisms to adjust the expression of these factors when conditions for growth are favorable to avoid uncoupled overgrowth
Summary
Aquaculture has been challenged to meet the increasing demand of global fish consumption, due to the growing human population. At the same time, a great controversy exists regarding the production of PO, since due to its high and increasing global demand, the cultivation of this VO has led to multiple undesirable environmental effects such as deforestation, habitats and biodiversity losses, or pollution increase This negative impact has called for the sustainable production of PO, and a growing number of certified concessions have been developed in the last years [7]. The proportion of n-3 LC-PUFA can be balanced in the diet with the inclusion of linseed oil (LO), since this oil contains more than 40% of n-3 fatty acid series In this sense, our group recently found that blends of different VO (i.e., PO, RO, LO and soybean oil, SO) can be used in diets with up to 75% FO substitution with optimal results in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles [14]; we point out that PO could be a promising VO, given its positive effect on growth while maintaining healthy metabolic conditions in this species
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