Muscle stimulation for peripheral venous oxygen saturation estimation using photoplethysmography: a proof-of-concept

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Abstract The body’s ability to balance oxygen supply and demand can be compromised in conditions such as shock, sepsis, and heart failure. Thus, measuring venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) simultaneously with the well-established peripheral arterial oxygen saturation can help in the clinical management of these conditions. Some authors have suggested a non-invasive SvO2 estimation method that acquires venous blood volume variations generated through the calf muscle pump using photoplethysmography (PPG): the Venous Muscle Pump Test (VMPT). However, the technique presents significant variability in the rhythm and speed of the foot dorsal flexions needed for the VMPT and cannot be performed on unconscious subjects and those with reduced mobility. This study proposes using functional electrical stimulation (FES) to stimulate the calf muscle and generate rhythmic and reproducible muscle contractions. A human proof-of-concept study was conducted with three healthy young male participants. The PPG signals achieved through the VMPT with conventionally active and FES-induced movements were compared. We found that FES-induced movement produced reproducible venous blood volume variations comparable to the ones induced by the active movement. However, it also leads to lower venous refilling time and lower muscle power. Although further individualized tuning of the stimulation parameters is needed to achieve more conclusive results, FES-induced movement proves to be a promising alternative to the conventional VMPT technique to measure venous oxygen saturation and assess venous insufficiency in specific clinical situations.