Abstract
The causative agent of mumps is a single-stranded, non-segmented, negative sense RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. Besides the classic symptom of painfully swollen parotid salivary glands (parotitis) in mumps virus (MuV)-infected men, orchitis is the most common form of extra-salivary gland inflammation. Mumps orchitis frequently occurs in young adult men, and leads to pain and swelling of the testis. The administration of MuV vaccines in children has been proven highly effective in reducing the incidence of mumps. However, a recent global outbreak of mumps and the high rate of orchitis have recently been considered as threats to male fertility. The pathogenesis of mumps orchitis remains largely unclear due to lack of systematic clinical data analysis and animal models studies. The alarming increase in the incidence of mumps orchitis and the high risk of the male fertility have thus become a major health concern. Recent studies have revealed the mechanisms by which MuV-host cells interact and MuV infection induces inflammatory responses in testicular cells. In this mini-review, we highlight advances in our knowledge of the clinical aspects and possible mechanisms of mumps orchitis.
Highlights
Mumps is a worldwide contagious disease caused by mumsp virus (MuV)
The recent outbreaks occurring in highly vaccinated populations have sparked renewed interest in mumps and complications, orchitis
Several recent studies on MuV based on primary cells have improved our understanding of mumps virus pathogenesis with regard to MuV receptors-testicular cells interaction, innate immune responses to MuV infection, and detrimental effects on testicular function using mouse models
Summary
Mumps is a worldwide contagious disease caused by mumsp virus (MuV). MuV is mainly transmitted via the respiratory route. Besides the typical painfully swollen parotitis in infected males, orchitis is the most common extra-salivary inflammation and an important etiological factor of male infertility [2]. Mumps orchitis generally manifests around a week after the onset of parotitis [1, 3]. 30% of mumps orchitis in post pubertal males suffer from infertility or subfertility [3]. Mumps Orchitis models, which provide novel insights into the pathology of mumps orchitis and related male infertility [9,10,11]. In this mini review, we briefly summarize MuV biology and focus on mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of mumps orchitis
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