Abstract
The necessity of efficient monitoring of ships in coastal regions has been increasing over time. Multi-satellite observations make it possible to effectively monitor vessels. This study presents the results of ship detection methodology, applied to optical, hyperspectral, and microwave satellite images in the seas around the Korean Peninsula. Spectral matching algorithms are used to detect ships using hyperspectral images with hundreds of spectral channels and investigate the similarity between the spectra and in-situ measurements. In the case of SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images, the Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) algorithm is used to discriminate the vessels from the backscattering coefficients of Sentinel-1B SAR and ALOS-2 PALSAR2 images. Validation results exhibited that the locations of the satellite-detected vessels showed good agreement with real-time location data within the Sentinel-1B coverage in the Korean coastal region. This study presented the probability of detection values of optical and SAR-based ship detection and discussed potential causes of the errors. This study also suggested a possibility for real-time operational use of vessel detection from multi-satellite images based on optical, hyperspectral, and SAR remote sensing, particularly in the inaccessible coastal regions off North Korea, for comprehensive coastal management and sustainability.
Highlights
The seas around the Korean Peninsula are some of the marginal seas of the Northwest Pacific—consisting of the East Sea, the Yellow Sea, and the East China Sea—and they border East Asian countries with some of the largest populations in the world [1]
Satellite observations facilitate the detection of vessels, objects on the sea surface, marine pollution, oil spills owing to ship collisions, and diverse coastal applications using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]
In order to verify the results of ship detection from the satellite images, information on the positions of vessels was obtained from General Information Center on Maritime Safety & Security (GICOMS) of the Maritime Safety Management Division, Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea
Summary
The seas around the Korean Peninsula are some of the marginal seas of the Northwest Pacific—consisting of the East Sea (called Sea of Japan), the Yellow Sea, and the East China Sea—and they border East Asian countries with some of the largest populations in the world [1]. Satellite observations facilitate the detection of vessels, objects on the sea surface, marine pollution, oil spills owing to ship collisions, and diverse coastal applications using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Such frequent coastal observations allow us to monitor a large number of ships at sea continuously. FFiigguurree 55.. ((aa)) SScchheemmaattiicc rreepprreesseennttaattiioonn ooff ssppeeccttrraall rraaddiiaanncceess,, iinn--ssiittuu mmeeaassuurreemmeennttss ooff ssppeeccttrraall rraaddiiaannccee ((bb)) nneeaarr tthhee sseeaa ssuurrffaaccee aanndd ((cc)) nneeaarr tthhee sshhiipp ddeecckk uussiinngg aann AASSDD IInncc.. ssppeeccttrroorraaddiioommeetteerr,, aanndd ((dd)) aann eeFxxigaamumrppell5ee.oo(aff)ooSbbcssheerervvmeeaddtirrcaarddeiipaanrneccseeevvnaatalluutieeossnffooorfrsfifpivveeectvvreeasslssreealldssi((aSSn11ctteoos,SSi55n))-saaisstuaa mffuuennaccsttuiioornnemooffenwwtaasvvoeefllseepnneggcttthhr,,awwl rhhaeedrrieeantthhceee e(brr)onrebaarrsthreeeppsrereaesseseunnrttftathhceeessattnaandndd(acar)rddndedaeervvitiahatetiioosnnhioopfftdthheeeckrraauddsiiaiannngcceeassnooAffeSeaDacchhInbbciin.n.s.pectroradiometer, and (d) an example of observed radiance values for five vessels (S1 to S5) as a function of wavelength, where the error bars represent the standard deviation of the radiances of each bin
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