Abstract
A novel implementation of multi-port zero-current switching (ZCS) switched-capacitor (SC) converters for battery management applications is presented. In addition to the auto-balancing feature offered by the SC technique, the proposed SC converter permits individual control of the charging or discharging current of the series-connected energy storage elements, such as the battery or super-capacitor cells. This approach enables advanced state control and accelerates the equalizing process by coordinated operation with the battery management system (BMS) and an adjustable voltage source, which can be implemented by a DC-DC converter interfaced to the energy storage string. Different configurations, including the single-input multi-output (SIMO), multi-input single-output (MISO) SC converters, and the corresponding altered circuits for string-to-cells, cells-to-string, as well as cells-to-cells equalizers, are discussed with a circuit analysis and derivation of the associated mathematical representation. The simulation study and experimental results indicated a significant increase in the balancing speed with the presence of BMS and closed-loop control of cell currents.
Highlights
Energy storage enables the functioning of electrical systems and modern utility configured with renewable energy sources
energy storage systems (ESSs), like electric vehicles (EVs), stationary storage in backup systems, such as uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) and online systems interfacing renewable generation or electrical grids, a huge number of energy storage cells are connected in series to achieve adequate voltage and power ratings
The Single-Input Multi-Output (SIMO) and Multi-Input Single-Output (MISO) configurations have been employed to string-to-cells, cells-to-string, source-to-cells, and cells-to-load equalizers [8,10,22,33,36]
Summary
Energy storage enables the functioning of electrical systems and modern utility configured with renewable energy sources. The active methods utilize power electronic converters to transfer charge and energy among energy storage cells These include classical isolated topologies, like the fly-back or forward converters, and the non-isolated boost, buck-boost and switched-capacitor (SC) converters [1,6,8,9,10,11,12]. The auto-balancing feature allows open-loop operation, with simple complementary gating signals for the active switches in the SC equalizer This principally enables the possibility of an autonomous onboard equalizer without any complicated voltage sensing circuits. The Single-Input Multi-Output (SIMO) and Multi-Input Single-Output (MISO) configurations have been employed to string-to-cells, cells-to-string, source-to-cells, and cells-to-load equalizers [8,10,22,33,36] By adopting these configurations, it is possible to actively control the balancing currents disregarding the cell voltages. Control and design consideration for the altered implementations discussed
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