Abstract
To determine the origin and genetic consequences of anagenesis in Rubus takesimensis on Ulleung Island, Korea, we compared the genetic diversity and population structure of R. takesimensis with those of its continental progenitor R. crataegifolius. We broadly sampled a total of 315 accessions in 35 populations and sequenced five noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA. Rubus takesimensis emerged as nonmonophyletic and several geographically diverse continental populations were likely responsible for the origin of R. takesimensis; the majority of R. takesimensis accessions were sisters to the clade containing accessions of R. crataegifolius, primarily from the Korean peninsula, while rare accessions from three populations shared common ancestors with the ones from the southern part of the Korean peninsula, Jeju Island, and Japan. A few accessions from the Chusan population originated independently from the Korean peninsula. Of 129 haplotypes, 81 and 48 were found exclusively in R. crataegifolius and R. takesimensis, respectively. We found unusually high genetic diversity in two regions on Ulleung Island and no geographic population structure. For R. crataegifolius, two major haplotype groups were found; one for the northern mainland Korean peninsula, and the other for the southern Korean peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. Compared with populations of R. crataegifolius sampled from Japan, much higher haplotype diversity was found in populations from the Korean peninsula. The patterns of genetic consequences in R. takesimensis need to be verified for other endemic species based on chloroplast DNA and independent nuclear markers to synthesize emerging patterns of anagenetic speciation on Ulleung Island.
Highlights
MethodsTo determine the geographic origin of R. takesimensis and reveal the genetic structure among populations on Ulleung Island, we sampled the continental progenitor species R. crataegifolius throughout East Asia (i.e., the Korean peninsula and Jeju Island, China, the Japanese archipelago, and the Russian Far East) and the insular derivative species R. takesimensis throughout its entire range on Ulleung Island
The group containing the most R. takesimensis individuals throughout the entire range of Ulleung Island shared the most recent common ancestor with populations of R. crataegifolius sampled from the northern part of the Korean peninsula, China, and the Russian Far East
In the case of the continental progenitor R. crataegifolius shown in the phylogenetic tree, we found two divergent clusters: group A included major haplotypes sampled from the northern part of the Korean peninsula, while group B included major haplotypes from the southern part of the Korea peninsula, Jeju Island, and Japan
Summary
To determine the geographic origin of R. takesimensis and reveal the genetic structure among populations on Ulleung Island, we sampled the continental progenitor species R. crataegifolius throughout East Asia (i.e., the Korean peninsula and Jeju Island, China, the Japanese archipelago, and the Russian Far East) and the insular derivative species R. takesimensis throughout its entire range on Ulleung Island. For R. crataegifolius, we sampled a total of 23 populations (209 individuals), including 14 populations (135 individuals) from Korea, 6 populations (51 individuals) from Japan, 1 population (8 individuals) from China, and 2 populations (15 individuals) from the Russian Far East (Table 1). The number of individuals per population ranged from 3 (ND, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea) to 13 (DH, Gangwon-do, Korea). In the case of R. takesimensis, we sampled a total of 12 populations (106 individuals) throughout Ulleung Island. The number of individuals per population ranged from 7 (THR) to 13 (JR). All leaf samples were dried with silica gel until DNA extraction, and voucher specimens for representative individuals of each population were deposited in the SKK (the Ha Eun Herbarium, Sungkyunkwan University) and KNU (the Kyungpook National University Herbarium)
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