Abstract
Electric field superposition principle and Gauss’s law are the basis of electrostatics. By extended analysis on the electric field lines of a charge, it is shown that electric field superposition principle and Gauss’s law are not tenable in some states, involving the electric field of ion atmosphere that is a key concept in Debye-Hückel theory of electrolyte solution and plasma. Unveiling Debye shield, ion atmosphere (Debye spherical layer 1) actually is equivalent to continue to transmit the electric field originated from the central ion, just changing the direction of the electric field. Debye spherical layer 2 and multiple Debye spherical layers generate in the transmission. Due to the effect of the multiple Debye spherical layers of charged particles in the universe, gravitation originates from electric force.
Highlights
Electric field superposition principle and Gauss’s law are the basis of electrostatics [1] [2]
By extended analysis on the electric field lines of a charge, it is shown that electric field superposition principle and Gauss’s law are not tenable in some states, involving the electric field of ion atmosphere that is a key concept in Debye-Hückel theory of electrolyte solution and plasma
1) The ion atmosphere, i.e. Debye spherical layer, i.e. Debye spherical layer 1, does not shield the electric field of the central ion, just cunningly reversing the direction of the electric field, continuing to transit the electric field originated from the central ion, and causing multiple Debye spherical layers to generate
Summary
Electric field superposition principle and Gauss’s law are the basis of electrostatics [1] [2]. By extended analysis on the electric field lines of a charge, it is shown that electric field superposition principle and Gauss’s law are not tenable in some states, involving the electric field of ion atmosphere. The external electric field of the ion atmosphere (Debye spherical layer 1) is equivalent to a point charge at the position of the central ion, carrying equal charge and sign opposite to the central ion. It results in the formation of mul-. With the help of extended analysis on electric field lines of the intrinsic electric field of a charge, new ideas are shown in “Figure 1”. It leads Gauss’ law not to hold in some states, shown in “Figure 1(E) and Figure 1(F)”
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