Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction increases mortality and morbidity in perioperative patients. Numerous studies have demonstrated that multiple surgery/anesthesia during the neurodevelopmental period affects cognitive function, whereas a single anesthesia/surgery rarely causes cognitive dysfunction in adults. However, whether adults who undergo multiple anesthesia/surgery over a short period will experience cognitive dysfunction remains unclear. In this study, central nervous system inflammation and changes in cholinergic markers were investigated in adult mice subjected to multiple laparotomy procedures over a short period of time. The results showed that despite the increased expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in the hippocampus after multiple operations and the activation of microglia, multiple anesthesia/surgery did not cause a decline in cognitive function in adult mice. There were no changes in the cholinergic markers after multiple anesthesia/surgery.
Highlights
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common complication after a major surgery [1,2,3]
The preference for the target quadrant and the time spent looking for the hidden platform were comparable between the control mice and those in the multiple surgery group (Figure 1(d)). These results suggested that multiple anesthesia/surgery does not impair reference memory in young adult mice
We investigated whether multiple anesthesia/surgery could impair the spatial reference memory of young adult mice and evaluated the changes in neuroinflammation and the degeneration of central cholinergic neurons after multiple anesthesia/surgery
Summary
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common complication after a major surgery [1,2,3]. The condition is characterized by impaired learning and memory and may persist for months and years after surgery [4, 5]. POCD does occur in adults in clinical settings, whether adult mice develop similar learning and memory impairment after anesthesia/surgery remains controversial. Our previous work showed that single anesthesia/surgery induced memory decline and attenuated central cholinergic biomarkers in aged mice but not in adult mice [10]. Walters et al [11] demonstrated that exposure to anesthesia alone does not cause persistent learning and memory impairments in adult monkeys. We hypothesized that multiple anesthesia/surgery would impair the reference memory in adult mice
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