Abstract
Herbicide use has attracted attention recently due to potential damage to human health and lethality to the honey bees and other pollinators. Fenton reagent treatment processes can be applied for the degradation of herbicidal contaminants from water. However, the need to carry out the normal Fenton reactions under acidic conditions often hinders their practical application for pollution control. Herein, we report on the synthesis and application of multiphasic porous electro-Fenton catalysts prepared from calcinated metal–organic framework compounds, CMOF@PCM, and their application for the mineralization of herbicides in aqueous solution at circum-neutral pH. CMOF nanoparticles (NPs) are anchored on porous carbon monolithic (PCM) substrates, which allow for binder-free application. H2O2 is electrochemically generated on the PCM substrate which serves as a cathode, while ·OH is generated by the CMOF NPs at low applied potentials (−0.14 V). Results show that the structure and reactivity of the CMOF@PCM electro-Fenton catalysts are dependent on the specific MOF precursor used during synthesis. For example, CMIL-88-NH2, which is prepared from MIL-88(Fe)–NH2, is a porous core–shell structured NP comprised of a cementite (Fe3C) intermediate layer that is sandwiched between a graphitic shell and a magnetite (Fe3O4) core. The electro-Fenton production of hydroxyl radical on the CMOF@PCM composite material is shown to effectively degrade an array of herbicides.
Highlights
Due to extensive application of herbicides, they are considered to be pseudopersistent pollutants.[1]
Several herbicides are reported to impact pollinators resulting in a dramatic reduction of bee populations worldwide.[4−7] Herbicides are suspected of causing harm to crustaceans, which are an important component of freshwater and oceanic food webs.[8]
Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) including electrochemical oxidation are suitable for herbicide degradation and removal from contaminated water.[9−11] electrochemical degradation of organic compounds is often energy intensive with high capital expenditure (CAPEX) costs
Summary
Due to extensive application of herbicides, they are considered to be pseudopersistent pollutants.[1]. Constant potentials were applied to determine H2O2 yields obtained with the PCM substrate and electro-Fenton efficiencies of herbicide degradation by CMOF@PCMs. Na2SO4 (0.1 M) was used as electrolyte, and solution pH was adjusted to 4−10 using H2SO4 and NaOH.
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