Abstract

Near-infrared-II (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging has rapidly developed for the noninvasive investigation of physiological and pathological activities in living organisms with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, the penetration depth of fluorescence restricts its ability to provide deep anatomical information. Scientists integrate NIR-II fluorescence imaging with other imaging modes (such as photoacoustic and magnetic resonance imaging) to create multimodal imaging that can acquire detailed anatomical and quantitative information with deeper penetration by using multifunctional probes. This reviewoffers acomprehensive picture of NIR-II-based dual/multimodal imaging probes and highlightsadvances in bioimaging and therapy. In addition, seminal studies and trends in multimodal imaging probes activated by NIR-II laser are summarizedand several key points regarding future clinical translation are elucidated.

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