Abstract
Peroxisomes, which are ubiquitous organelles in all eukaryotes, are highly dynamic organelles that are essential for development and stress responses. Plant peroxisomes are involved in major metabolic pathways, such as fatty acid β-oxidation, photorespiration, ureide and polyamine metabolism, in the biosynthesis of jasmonic, indolacetic, and salicylic acid hormones, as well as in signaling molecules such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). Peroxisomes are involved in the perception of environmental changes, which is a complex process involving the regulation of gene expression and protein functionality by protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). Although there has been a growing interest in individual PTMs in peroxisomes over the last ten years, their role and cross-talk in the whole peroxisomal proteome remain unclear. This review provides up-to-date information on the function and crosstalk of the main peroxisomal PTMs. Analysis of whole peroxisomal proteomes shows that a very large number of peroxisomal proteins are targeted by multiple PTMs, which affect redox balance, photorespiration, the glyoxylate cycle, and lipid metabolism. This multilevel PTM regulation could boost the plasticity of peroxisomes and their capacity to regulate metabolism in response to environmental changes.
Highlights
Introduction to PeroxisomalMetabolism, Function, and DynamicsPeroxisomes, which are ubiquitous in all eukaryotes and essential for the development and stress responses of yeast, plants and animals, are organelles surrounded by a single membrane, with a very simple ultrastructure
A proteomic study of peroxisomes isolated from pea plants shows that six S-nitrosylation target proteins are involved in photorespiration (HPR, GOX, serine:glyoxylate aminotransferase and aminotransferase 1), β-oxidation (MDH) and the antioxidant system (CAT) [4] (Table 1)
The first proteomic analyses of persulfidation in plants were carried out on Arabidopsis leaf tissues grown in soil under long-day photoperiod conditions using two different experimental methods based on specific biotin labelling of persulfide groups [106]. These analyses revealed that persulfidation is a widespread post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the plant proteome which is involved in a wide range of biological functions and in regulating important processes [107]
Summary
To analyze putative PTMs capable of modulating peroxisomal proteins, we compared a list of peroxisomal candidate proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana, which undergo PTMs, from the following databases: Plant PTM Viewer [27]; TAIR [28] with the aid of GO codes for peroxisomes and glyoxysomes (GO: 0005777 and GO: 0009514, respectively); and NCBI [29] with a list of peroxisomal proteins [30]. Using the Venny tool [31]. Putative peroxisomal proteins from these databases were selected from proteomic studies available in the literature [30] and taking into account putative PTSs sequences [28]. 35% of the putative peroxisomal proteins were identified as PTM targets. To provide an overview of the putative role of peroxisomal protein PTMs, the proteins were classified into the principal peroxisomal and cellular pathways. Further research is required to demonstrate that most of these proteins are modified by the PTMs described in this review and to determine their function in regulating metabolism and signaling events
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