Abstract
In recent years, nature-based solutions have been increasingly promoted as a climate change adaptation instrument, strongly advocated to be co-created. Achieving clear, coherent, and ambitious urban greening strategies, embedded in urban planning and developed in a co-creative, participatory and inclusive manner, is highly challenging within the EU enlargement context. In this article, such challenges are studied through two recent urban development initiatives in Belgrade, the Capital of Serbia: the first initiative focuses on planning the new Linear Park, within the framework of the CLEVER Cities Horizon 2020 project; the second initiative envisages the transformation of the privatised Avala Film Complex in the Košutnjak Urban Forest, primarily led by private interests but supported by the local authorities. The multiple-case study research method is applied, with an exploratory purpose and as a basis for potential future research on evaluation of co-creation processes for NBS implementation. The theoretical basis of this article is founded in the research on sustainability transitions, focusing on multi-level perspective (MLP) framework. The urban planning system in Belgrade and Serbia is observed as a socio-technical regime of the MLP. In such framework, we recognize co-creative planning of the Linear Park as a niche innovation. We interpret opposition towards planning of the Avala Film Complex as escalation, or an extreme element of the socio-technical landscape, comprised of civic unrests and political tensions on one side, combined with the climate crisis and excessive pollution on the other side. Moreover, the article examines informal urban planning instruments that can be implemented by the practitioners of niche innovations, that could support urban planners and NBS advocates in the Serbian and EU enlargement contexts to face the challenges of motivating all stakeholders to proactively, constructively and appropriately engage in co-creation.
Highlights
Several environmental sustainability concepts have evolved through academic research and policy practice over the past two decades [1], ranging from ecosystem services, to over green infrastructure [2,3], to nature-based solutions (NBS) [4]
The case study method was performed from a third-person perspective or observer position, even though the authors were directly involved in one of the examined planning initiatives, namely, they planned, designed and implemented all the co-creation actions related to the future Linear Park
Of Cities festival, organized by CEUS, representatives of the Urban Planning Institute for the first time communicated their strategic framework regarding the General Urban Plan (GUP) with the public, and for the first time they interacted with criticism of well-established urban planning activists (Collective “Ministry of Space”); (2) subsequently, the second author of this article joined the GUP expert team and supported preparation of the citizen engagement strategy; (3) initial questionnaire for preparation of the GUP Early Public Consultation (EPC) Elaborate was published in March
Summary
Several environmental sustainability concepts have evolved through academic research and policy practice over the past two decades [1], ranging from ecosystem services, to over green infrastructure [2,3], to nature-based solutions (NBS) [4]. They nurture an interdisciplinary approach to urban ecosystems [1], emphasizing multi-level governance and strategic urban actions [5]. It further emphasizes that “nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity and support the delivery of a range of ecosystem services” [10] It further emphasizes that “nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity and support the delivery of a range of ecosystem services” [10] (p. 3).
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